“生物历史以地质地理为主题的文章形成了托福阅读考试的三个部分。与其他主题的文章相比，历史文章的组织结构相对丰富，一般可分为以下四类，下面由新航道的沈阳托福培训小编为您解答！

　　(一)按照时间顺序或历史事物发展的自然顺序进行记叙

　　说到历史文章，自然与“时间”的概念密不可分。历史文章就是这样。它不是按照托福文章常见的总分或总分结构进行布局，而是按照历史事物的产生、发展、完善、高潮甚至衰落等不同阶段进行推进。这类文章看似行文松散，实则形散而神不散。整篇文章贯穿“时间顺序”的纵轴。

　　例如TPO29-01这篇文章： The History of Waterpower “水利历史”，这篇文章有七段。开头的第一段并没有像大多数文章那样选择Introduction引入段，而是直接指出至少在公元5世纪，“水轮water” wheel“已作为最早的水利应用设备出现并投入使用，即“a waterwheel that raised water for irrigation in attached jars. The device appears to have evolved no later than the fifth century B.C., perhaps independently in different regions of the Middle and Far East”。

　　在接下来的六段中，作者根据时间的推移，描述了水利应用技术和设备的发展和演变过程，包括：最早的水车在公元前1、2世纪在不同地区产生，“The earliest waterpower mills were probably vertical-axis mills for grinding corn, known as Norse or Greek mills, which seem to have appeared during the first or second century B.C. in the Middle East and a few centuries later in Scandinavia;

　　水车的应用不仅仅是农业，而是在不同的行业。”Raising water and grinding corn were by no means the only uses of the waterpower mill, and during the following centuries, the applications of waterpower kept pace with the developing technologies of mining, iron working, paper making, and the wool and cotton industries”;

　　进入蒸汽时代后，水利应用价值一度黯淡，但一个世纪后又恢复了繁荣，“The coal-fired steam engine was taking over, and the waterwheel was fast becoming obsolete. However, a century later the picture was completely different”;

　　1832年，法拉利发现了电磁感应现象，电动涡轮机相继成功出现。”In 1832, the year of Michael Faraday’s discovery that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field, a young French engineer patented a new and more efficient waterwheel and his device was the first successful water turbine”;

　　文章最后描述了1881年世界公用事业发电站使用水利发电，后来由于河流水量的波动，很快被蒸汽动力所取代。”In 1881, the Godalming power station in Surrey, England, on the banks of the Wey River, created the world’s first public electricity supply. The power source of this most modern technology was a traditional waterwheel. Unfortunately this early plant experienced the problem common to many forms of renewable energy: the flow in the Wey River was unreliable, and the waterwheel was soon replaced by a steam engine.”

　　不难看出，历史文章的结构是按照时间的纵轴顺序组织的，因此文章摘要问题一般要求考生在描述的历史时期中区分和选择具有划时代价值的时间阶段，或者在此期间产生变化和发展的时间阶段。在我们总结了它之后，它通常是六个选项和三个选项。然而，由于这篇文章不是总分或总分的结构，很容易关注细节的描述和调查。有时从前面直接选择六个选项和三个问题并不容易区分。此时，我们需要配合从后面排除错误选项的技巧。

　　（2）根据历史名人或历史事件的结果或影响进行描述

　　人类壮丽的历史画轴往往是在那些明亮的历史人物的指导下描绘的，或者是那些能够产生重大影响或划时代意义的历史事件像珍珠一样贯穿的。这些伟大的人物和历史事件必然会对人类历史产生重大而深刻的影响或结果。第二类历史文章是根据这些影响和结果进行分类的。

　　例如TPO43-011 The Empire of Alexander The 这篇文章是亚历山大王国的典型总分结构。全文共6段。第一段明确总结了亚历山大大帝通过东征建立的广阔王国，随后进行了一系列改革，给其王国带来了几个深远的后果。”consequences对应第一段的最后一句总结句“Alexander’s actions had several important consequences for the region occupied by the empire.”

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