剑桥雅思11阅读Test1Passage1原文翻译crop-growing skyscrappers垂直农业

剑桥雅思11阅读第 一套题目第 一篇文章的主题为通过垂直农业的方式来解决食物不足的问题。文章一共7段，分别介绍了人类目前所面对的粮食问题，垂直农业的优势，垂直农业的劣势以及相应的解决办法。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思11 Test1 Passage1阅读原文翻译

第1段

By the year 2050,nearly 80%of the Earth’s population will live in urban centres.Applying the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends,the human population will increase by about three billion people by then.An estimated 10 hectares of new land(about 20%larger than Brazil)will be needed to grow enough food to feed them,if traditional farming methods continue as they are practised today.At present,throughout the world,over 80%of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use.Historically,some 15%of that has been laid waste by poor management practices.What can be done to ensure enough food for the world’s population to live on?

到2050年，地球上将有近80%的人口居住在城市中心。将最保守的估计应用于当前的人口发展趋势，到那时，人口将增加约30亿。如果继续采用现在传统的耕作方法，预计需要10的9次方公顷的新土地(比巴西大20%)才能够种出足够的粮食来养活他们。目前，全世界适合耕种农作物的土地中，有80%已被使用。从历史上看，其中约15%由于管理不善而荒废。那么如何才能确保世界人民有足够的食物生存呢?

第2段

The concept of indoor farming is not new,since hothouse production of tomatoes and other produce has been in vogue for some time.What is new is the urgent need to scale up this technology to accommodate another three billion people.Many believe an entirely new approach to indoor farming is required,employing cutting-edge technologies.This is from Laokaoya website.One such proposal is for the‘Vertical Farm’.The concept is of multi-storey buildings in which food crops are grown in environmentally controlled conditions.Situated in the heart of urban centres,they would drastically reduce the amount of transportation required to bring food to consumers.Vertical farms would need to be efficient,cheap to construct and safe to operate.If successfully implemented,proponents claim,vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal,sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply(through year-round production of all crops),and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming.

室内耕作的概念并不是什么新鲜事物，因为温室栽培西红柿和其他农产品已经流行了一段时间。新鲜的是扩展此技术以容纳另外30亿人口的迫切需求。许多人认为，需要利用尖 端技术采用全新的室内耕作方法。而其中一项提议就是“垂直农场”。这一概念是将粮食作物种植在环境条件受控的多层建筑中。它们位于城市中心地带，会急剧减少将食物运送到消费者手中所需要的运输量。垂直农场的效率要高，建造要便宜，运营要安全。支持者声称，如果成功实施的话，垂直农场将会带来城市复兴的希望，持续提供安全多样的食物(一年到头都可以生产各类作物)，并最终修复由于水平农业而牺牲的生态系统。

第3段

It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted.Along the way,we despoiled most of the land we worked,often turning verdant,natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts.Within that same time frame,we evolved into an urban species,in which 60%of the human population now lives vertically in cities.This means that,for the majority,we humans have shelter from the elements,yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year.However,more often than not now,due to a rapidly changing climate,that is not what happens.Massive floods,long droughts,hurricanes and severe monsoons take their toll each year,destroying millions of tons of valuable crops.

人类花了10,000年的时间来学习如何种植我们现在认为理所当然的大多数作物。在此过程中，我们破坏了耕作的大部分土地，经常将翠绿的自然生态区变成半干旱的沙漠。在相同的时间范围里，我们进化成城市物种，其中60%的人口现在在城市中垂直居住。这意味着，对于大多数人来说，我们人类可以躲避各种因素的影响，但我们将生产食物的植物置于严酷的户外条件下，只能祈祷天气良好。然而，由于快速变化的气候，情况并不如人们所愿。洪灾、长期干旱、飓风和严重的季风每年都会造成巨大的损失，摧毁数百万吨宝贵的农作物。

第4段

The supporters of vertical farming claim many potential advantages for the system.For instance,crops would be produced all year round,as they would be kept in artificially controlled,optimum growing conditions.There would be no weather-related crop failures due to droughts,floods or pests.All the food could be grown organically,eliminating the need for herbicides,pesticides and fertilisers.The system would greatly reduce the incidence of many infectious diseases that are acquired at the agricultural interface.Although the system would consume energy,it would return energy to the grid via methane generation from composting non-edible parts of plants.It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use,by cutting out the need for tractors,ploughs and shipping.

垂直农业的支持者声称该系统具有许多潜在优势。例如，由于农作物生长在人为控制的、理想的环境中，它们可以整年产出粮食。不会由于干旱、洪水或虫灾等与天气有关的因素而造成粮食欠收。所有食物都可以有机种植，从而消除对除草剂、杀虫剂和肥料的需求。该系统将大大降低在农业接触中感染一些传染病的概率。虽然该系统会消耗能量，但通过利用植物不可食用的部分进行沼气发电，可以将能量返还给电网。通过减少对拖拉机、犁和运输的需求，它也会大量减少化石燃料的使用。

第5段

A major drawback of vertical farming,however,is that the plants would require artificial light.Without it,those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly,reducing the efficiency of the system.Single-storey greenhouses have the benefit of natural overhead light:even so,many still need artificial lighting.A multi-storey facility with no natural overhead light would require far more.Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive,unless cheap,renewable energy is available,and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a likelihood for the near future.

然而，垂直耕作的主要缺点在于植物需要人造光。没有它，那些最靠近窗户的植物将暴露在更多的阳光下并且生长得更快，从而降低了系统的效率。单层温室受益于顶部的自然光线：即使如此，许多仍然需要人造光。缺乏自然顶部光线的多层设施则需要更多的人造光。除非能够获得廉价的可再生能源，否则产生足够的光线太过昂贵。而这似乎是一种未来的愿望，并非近期就可能实现的事情。

第6段

One variation on vertical farming that has been developed is to grow plants in stacked trays that move on rails.Moving the trays allows the plants to get enough sunlight.This system is already in operation,and works well within a single-storey greenhouse with light reaching it from above:it is not certain,however,that it can be made to work without that overhead natural light.

已经开发出来的垂直耕作的一种变体是将植物种植在堆叠式的、可以在轨道上移动的托盘里。移动托盘可使植物获得足够的阳光。该系统已经在运行，并且可以在顶部有光线的单层温室中正常工作：但是，不确定该系统是否可以在顶部没有自然光的情况下运转。

第7段

Vertical farming is an attempt to address the undoubted problems that we face in producing enough food for a growing population.At the moment,though,more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would have on the environment,particularly as regards the use of energy.While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future,most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available on urban rooftops.

垂直耕作试图解决我们在为日益增长的人口生产足够的粮食时所必然面对的问题，但是现在需要做更多的工作来减少它对环境的不利影响，特别是在能源使用方面。虽然将来我们的大部分食物可能种植在摩天大楼里，但大多数专家目前认为，我们仅使用城市屋顶上的可用空间的可能性更大。

剑桥雅思11Test4Passage3阅读原文翻译This Marvellous Invention伟大的发明

剑桥雅思11阅读第四套题目第三篇文章的主题为语言。文章一共6段，分别介绍了语言是人类最伟大的发明，语言有一些看似不能兼容的特点，几个不同的发音能组合出各种各样的意思，所有人都有能力使用语言，每种语言彼此不同，有时候不发音的内容也可以表达含义等。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思11 Test4 Passage3阅读原文翻译

段落A

Of all mankind’s manifold creations,language must take pride of place.Other inventions–the wheel,agriculture,sliced bread–may have transformed our material existence,but the advent of language is what made us human.Compared to language,all other inventions pale in significance,since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it.Without language,we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals,and even over nature itself.

在人类所有各种各样的发明中，语言必定占有重要位置。其他发明-轮子，农耕，切片面包-可能改变了我们的物质生活，但语言的出现才让我们成为人类。与语言相比，其他所有发明在重要性上都黯然失色。这是因为我们目前所取得的一切都建立在语言之上，并源自于它。没有语言，我们永远不可能登上凌驾于所有其他动物，甚至自然本身的至高地位。

段落B

But language is foremost not just because it came first.In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication,yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity:‘this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which,whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind,allow us to disclose to others its whole secret,and to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine,and all the various stirrings of our soul’.This was how,in 1660,the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language,and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement.Even so,there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise,for the homage to language’s unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity.Language is mankind’s greatest invention–except,of course,that it was never invented.This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language,and it holds many of its secrets.

但语言的至高地位并不仅仅是因为它首先出现。就自身而言，它是一种极其精密复杂的工具，但其基础理念却又如此简单：“这一伟大的发明可以利用25或26种声音组合成无穷无尽、各种各样的表达。这些发音自身虽然与我们心中所想并无相似之处，但却使得我们可以借此向他人展露出心中的所有秘密。令那些原本无法透视我们心灵的他人知晓我们全部的想象意念，以及我们灵魂中的所有震撼悸动“。这就是在1660年，位于凡尔赛附近Port-Royal修道院中那些著 名的法语语法大师们所用来精炼地阐释语言精髓的措辞，在那以来再也没有其他人能用更加雄辩的方式来高度赞颂语言所取得成就辉煌灿烂、举足轻重了。即便如此，在所有这些赞颂之词中还是存在着一个问题，因为对于语言成就的敬辞掩盖了一个简单却又至关重要的不一致性。语言是人类最伟大的发明-只是除了，它根本不是发明出来的。这种显而易见的悖论正是我们痴迷于语言的核心原因，它包含着许多自身的秘密。

段落C

Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman.How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound?In themselves,these configurations of mouth-p,f,b,v,t,d,k,g,s,h,a,e and so on–amount to nothing more than a few haphazard spits and splutters,random noises with no meaning,no ability to express,no power to explain.But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine,let it arrange them in some very special orders,and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do:from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe.

语言的创作显得如此精妙，以至于除了将它想象成某个大师级工匠所造就的完美作品之外，再也没有合适的比喻。若非如此，这个工具文章来自老烤鸭雅思如何能用仅仅三十多个读音就组合出这么多的含义。就它们自身而言，这些不同口型所发出的声音-p,f,b,v,t,d,k,g,s,h,a,e等等-不过就是一些混乱的声响，没有任何含义的噪音，不具备表达能力，也不具备解释的力量。但将它们送进语言机器的齿轮进行加工，让它用一种十分特别的顺序对它们进行排列，这些原本毫无意义的气流就会变得无所不能：从感叹存在的永恒乏味，到揭示宇宙的基本规律。

段落D

The most extraordinary thing about language,however,is that one doesn’t have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion.The language machine allows just about everybody–from pre-modern foragers in the subtropical savannah,to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl–to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses,and all apparently without the slightest exertion.Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success,since in everyday life its triumphs are usually taken for granted.The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that must have gone into making it tick.Language conceals art.

然而，语言最非比寻常的特点在于，一个人并不需要是个天才才能让它的齿轮开始运转。语言机器让几乎每个人-从亚热带稀疏草原上过着原始生活的采集者，到生活在城郊杂乱地区的后现代哲学家-都可以将这些无意义的声响结合在一起，传达出无限多种微妙的感受，而且整个过程显得不费吹灰之力。然而，正是这种颇具欺骗性的轻而易举，让语言成为它自身成功的受害者。日常生活中，它的伟大总是被视为理所当然。语言的齿轮运转的如此流畅，以至于一个人很少会费心停下来去思考，要让它工作所必需的丰富资源和专业知识。语言掩盖了艺术。

段落E

Often,it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues,with their many exotic and outlandish features,that brings home the wonder of language’s design.One of the showiest stunts that some languages can pull off is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking length,and thus express in one word what English takes a whole sentence to say.The Turkish wordşehirliliştiremediklerimizdensiniz,to take one example,means nothing less than‘you are one of those whom we can’t turn into a town-dweller’.(In case you were wondering,this monstrosity really is one word,not merely many different words squashed together–most of its components cannot even stand up on their own.)

通常来说，只有外语所带来的疏远，以及他们诸多奇异古怪的特征，才能让我们意识到语言设计的奇妙。一些语言所展现出来的最引人注目的特征之一，是其构建超长单词，并由此可以用一个词汇来表达英语中要用一整句话才能说明白的含义的能力。例如，土耳其词汇şehirliliştiremediklerimizdensiniz所表达的含义为：“你是那种我们无法转变为城里人的人”。(以防你好奇，这一巨大的字眼真的是一个单词，而不是许多不同单词拼接而成-其大部分组成元素不具备任何含义)。

段落F

And if that sounds like some one-off freak,then consider Sumerian,the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history.A Sumerian word like munintuma’a(‘when he had made it suitable for her’)might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish colossus above.What is so impressive about it,however,is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse–the thrifty compactness of its construction.The word is made up of different slots,each corresponding to a particular portion of meaning.This sleek design allows single sounds to convey useful information,and in fact even the absence of a sound has been enlisted to express something specific.If you were to ask which bit in the Sumerian word corresponds to the pronoun‘it’in the English translation‘when he had made it suitable for her’,then the answer would have to be nothing.Mind you,a very particular kind of nothing:the nothing that stands in the empty slot in the middle.The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound,when carefully placed in a particular position,has been invested with a specific function.Who could possibly have come up with such a nifty contraption?

如果这听起来像是某种例外，那么请考虑下苏美尔语。这种语言在大约5000年前由生活在幼发拉底河岸的人们使用。他们发明了书写，因此使得文字记录历史成为可能。像munintuma’s(当他为她把它准备合适的时候)这样的苏美尔单词，可能看起来比刚才提到的土耳其巨词要简洁许多。然而，它令人印象深刻的地方并不在于长度，恰恰相反，在于其构架的简约紧凑。该单词由不同的片段组成。每个片段对应特定的含义。这一 流畅的设计使得单个声响也能传递有用的信息。事实上，甚至声音的缺失也被用来表达某种特定的意思。如果你想问，苏美尔单词中的哪部分对应英语翻译“当他为她把它准备合适的时候”中的“它”，那么答案只能是没有。提醒你一下，这是一种非常独特的没有，是位于中间空白片段的没有。当时的语言编制是如此精良，以至于即便是没有发出的声音，当被仔细置于特定的位置时，也会被赋予特定的功能。谁能够提出如此精妙的设置呢?

剑桥雅思11Test4Passage2阅读原文翻译An Introduction to Film Sound电影声音介绍

剑桥雅思11阅读第四套题目第二篇文章的主题为电影的声音。文章一共9段，分别介绍了电影声音的作用和分类，对话在电影中的作用，对话使用方法的不同，同步音效和不同步音效的功能，背景音乐的效用等。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思11 Test4 Passage2阅读原文翻译

第1段

Though we might think of film as an essentially visual experience,we really cannot afford to underestimate the importance of film sound.A meaningful sound track is often as complicated as the image on the screen,and is ultimately just as much the responsibility of the director.The entire sound track consists of three essential ingredients:the human voice,sound effects and music.These three tracks must be mixed and balanced so as to produce the necessary emphases which in turn create desired effects.Topics which essentially refer to the three previously mentioned tracks are discussed below.They include dialogue,synchronous and asynchronous sound effects,and music.

虽然我们可能认为电影在本质上是一种视觉体验，但我们确实不能低估电影声音的重要性。一段含义丰富的音轨往往与屏幕上的画面同样复杂，并且导演最终要为此承当同样多的责任。完整的音轨包含三个基本元素：人声，音效和音乐。这三条音轨必须混合在一起，而且互相平衡，才能产生必要的侧重点，进而创造出想要的效果。针对以上提到的三种音轨所展开的话题将在后文中进行讨论。它们包括对话，同步和不同步的音效，以及音乐。

第2段

Let us start with dialogue.As is the case with stage drama,dialogue serves to tell the story and expresses feelings and motivations of characters as well.Often with film characterization the audience perceives little or no difference between the character and the actor.Thus,for example,the actor Humphrey Bogart is the character Sam Spade;film personality and life personality seem to merge.Perhaps this is because the very texture of a performer‘s voice supplies an element of character.

让我们从对话开始。与舞台剧相同，对话起着讲述故事，表达角色情感与动机的作用。随着电影的人物刻画，观众往往分别不出角色和演员之间的差别。因此，举例而言，演员Humphrey Bogart就是Sam Spade。电影中的人格似乎与生活中的人格融为一体。或许这是因为表演者的声音特质构成了角色的一项基本元素。

第3段

When voice textures fit the performer‘s physiognomy and gestures,a whole and very realistic persona emerges.The viewer sees not an actor working at his craft,but another human being struggling with life.It is interesting to note that how dialogue is used and the very amount of dialogue used varies widely among films.For example,in the highly successful science-fiction film 2001,little dialogue was evident,and most of it was banal and of little intrinsic interest.In this way the film-maker was able to portray what Thomas Sobochack and Vivian Sobochack call,in An Introduction to Film,the‘inadequacy of human responses when compared with the magnificent technology created by man and the visual beauties of the universe’.

当声音特点符合演员的容貌和姿态，一个完整而真实的人物就出现了。观众看到的不是一名演员在展现自己的技艺，而是另一个人在生活中挣扎。有意思的是，不同电影之间，对话的使用和对话的数量差别很大。例如，在《2001》这部非常成功的科幻电影中，很少有明显的对话。这些对话的大部分也都是平淡无味，没有什么内在含义。这样一来，电影制作者的以描绘出Thomas Sobochack和Vivian Sobochack在《电影简介》中所说到的那种效果：“相比于人类创造出的宏大技术与宇宙的视觉美感，人们的反应是那么微不足道”。

第4段

The comedy Bringing Up Baby,on the other hand,presents practically non-stop dialogue delivered at breakneck speed.This use of dialogue underscores not only the dizzy quality of the character played by Katherine Hepburn,but also the absurdity of the film itself and thus its humor.The audience is bounced from gag to gag and conversation to conversation;there is no time for audience reflection.The audience is caught up in a whirlwind of activity in simply managing to follow the plot.This film presents pure escapism–largely due to its frenetic dialogue.

另一方面，《育婴奇谭》这部喜剧片呈现出几乎不停歇的、语速飞快的对话。对话的使用不仅强调了Katherine Hepburn所扮演的角色的愚蠢特点，而且还突出了电影本身的荒诞以及由此而来的幽默。观众从一个噱头被抛向另一个噱头，从一场对话被拉入另一场对话。没有时间给观众去思考。观众置身于一场各种行为快速切换的旋风之中，只能努力跟上剧情发展。这部电影呈现出纯粹的逃避现实的风格-这在很大程度上是由于其狂乱的对话。

第5段

Synchronous sound effects are those sounds which are synchronized or matched with what is viewed.For example,if the film portrays a character playing the piano,the sounds of the piano are projected.Synchronous sounds contribute to the realism of film and also help to create a particular atmosphere.For example,the“click”of a door being opened may simply serve to convince the audience that the image portrayed is real,and the audience may only subconsciously note the expected sound.However,if the‘click’of an opening door is part of an ominous action such as a burglary,the sound mixer may call attention to the‘click’with an increase in volume;this helps to engage the audience in a moment of suspense.

同步音效是那些与观众看到的内容同步或者相匹配的声音。例如，如果电影中的人物正在弹钢琴，那么钢琴的声音就会被投放出来。同步音效增加了电影的真实感，并且帮助创造出一种特定的氛围。例如，门被打开的咔哒声可能只是为了说服观众，其所刻画的画面是真实的。而观众也可能只是在潜意识里注意到这个意料之内的声音。然而，如果开门的咔哒声是即将到来的不幸事件的一部分(例如入室盗窃)，混音师可能会提升音量来吸引注意力。这会帮助观众融入紧张的气氛中。

第6段

Asynchronous sound effects,on the other hand,are not matched with a visible source of the sound on screen.Such sounds are included so as to provide an appropriate emotional nuance,and they may also add to the realism of the film.For example,a film-maker might opt to include the background sound of an ambulance‘s siren while the foreground sound and image portrays an arguing couple.The asynchronous ambulance siren underscores the psychic injury incurred in the argument;at the same time the noise of the siren adds to the realism of the film by acknowledging the film’s city setting.

另一方面，不同步音效并不与屏幕上可见的声音来源相匹配。这些声音被包含进来，以便提供某种恰当的情绪氛围。它们或许也可以增进电影的真实性。例如，当前台声音和画面刻画出一对争吵的夫妻时，电影制作者可能选择在背景音乐中加入救护车的鸣笛声。不同步的救护车鸣笛声突出了争吵所带来的精神伤害。同时，汽笛的噪音通过提示电影的城市背景设定增加了电影的真实感。

第7段

We are probably all familiar with background music in films,which has become so ubiquitous as to be noticeable in its absence.We are aware that it is used to add emotion and rhythm.Usually not meant to be noticeable,it often provides a tone or an emotional attitude toward the story and/or the characters depicted.In addition,background music often foreshadows a change in mood.For example,dissonant music may be used in film to indicate an approaching(but not yet visible)menace or disaster.

我们可能对电影中的背景音乐十分熟悉。它变得如此普遍，以至于缺失的时候反而会引起人们的注意。我们知道它被用来渲染情绪和韵律。通常来说它并不想要引人注意，而是为影片中所刻画的故事和/或人物提供某种基调或情绪态度。此外，背景音乐往往预示着情绪上的改变。例如，电影中可能使用不协调的音乐来暗示即将到来(但还不可见)的危害或灾难。

第8段

Background music may aid viewer understanding by linking scenes.For example,a particular musical theme associated with an individual character or situation may be repeated at various points in a film in order to remind the audience of salient motifs or ideas.

背景音乐可以通过联系场景来帮助观众理解。例如，与某一人物或场景相联系的特定的音乐主题可能会在电影的不同地方重复出现，以提醒观众其核心主旨或主题思想。

第9段

Film sound comprises conventions and innovations.We have come to expect an acceleration of music during car chases and creaky doors in horror films.Yet,it is important to note as well that sound is often brilliantly conceived.The effects of sound are often largely subtle and often are noted by only our subconscious minds.We need to foster an awareness of film sound as well as film space so as to truly appreciate an art form that sprang to life during the twentieth century–the modern film.

电影声音同时包含了传统与创新。我们在汽车追逐时会期待音乐加速，在恐怖电影中会期待咯吱作响的门。然而，注意到这一点也十分重要：声音通常是以一种高明的方式被人们所感知。声音的作用在很大程度上都是微妙的，往往只会被我们的潜意识所注意。我们需要培养对电影声音和电影空间的意识，从而真正欣赏这一在20世纪出现的鲜活的艺术形式-现代电影。

剑桥雅思11Test4Passage1阅读原文翻译Research using twins利用双胞胎研究

剑桥雅思11阅读第四套题目第 一篇文章的主题为利用双胞胎进行研究。文章一共十二段，分别介绍了双胞胎是研究基因和环境影响的宝贵对象，同卵双胞胎与异卵双胞胎的差异，双胞胎研究的两种思路，遗传因素的巨大影响等内容。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思11 Test4 Passage1阅读原文翻译

第1段

To biomedical researchers all over the world,twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment–of nature and nurture.Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two,they share virtually the same genetic code.Any differences between them–one twin having younger looking skin,for example–must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun.

对于全世界的生物医学研究者来说，双胞胎提供了理清基因与环境影响(或者说先天与后天)的宝贵机会。由于同卵双胞胎来自于一分为二的同一个受精卵，他们拥有几乎完全相同的基因编码。他们之间的任何差异-比如一个拥有看起来更为年轻的肌肤-一定是由环境因素造成的，比如晒太阳的时间更少。

第2段

Alternatively,by comparing the experiences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins,who come from separate eggs and share on average half their DNA,researchers can quantify the extent to which our genes affect our lives.If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are,then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.

另一方面，通过比较同卵双胞胎和异卵双胞胎(来自不同的受精卵，平均有一半的DNA相同)的经历，研究者可以量化基因在多大程度上影响着我们的生活。如果同卵双胞胎对某一种疾病的反应比异卵双胞胎更为相似，那么这种疾病的易受性至少部分来自于遗传因素。

第3段

These two lines of research–studying the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of environment,and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance–have been crucial to understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in determining our personalities,behavior,and vulnerability to disease.

这两条研究方向-研究同卵双胞胎的差异以明确环境的影响，以及比较同卵双胞胎和异卵双胞胎来衡量遗传的作用-对理解先天和后天在决定我们性格、行为和疾病易受性方面的互动至关重要。

第4段

The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875,when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach(and coined the phrase‘nature and nurture‘).But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s,with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults.Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard’s lab in what became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart.Numerous tests were carried out on the twins,and they were each asked more than 15,000 questions.

使用双胞胎来衡量遗传因素的影响的想法可以追溯到1875年。那时英国科学家Francis Galton第 一次提出这一方法，并创造出“先天和后天”这一组词汇。但双胞胎研究在20世纪80年代发生了令人惊讶的转折，研究对象放在了那些出生之后相互分离，但长大后又重新团聚的同卵双胞胎身上。在二十年的时间里，一共有137对双胞胎走进Thomas Bouchard的实验室。这次研究后来被人称为“Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart”。他们在双胞胎身上进行了大量的测试，每个人都回答了超过15000个问题。

第5段

Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup.The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability.In broad terms,the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among members of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics.And wherever Bouchard and other scientists looked,it seemed,they found the invisible hand of genetic influence helping to shape our lives.

Bouchard和他的同事利用这些如山般的数据来检测双胞胎在多大程度上受他们基因组成的影响。其研究方法的关键在于一种被称为“遗传性”的统计学概念。广义来讲，一种特质的可遗传性所衡量的是人口群体中各个成员之间的个体差异在何种程度上可以由他们之间的基因差异来解释。无论Bouchard和其他科学家看向何处，他们发现基因影响这一看不见的手似乎都在帮助塑造我们的生活。

第6段

Lately,however,twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new conclusion:that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work.According to a recent field called epigenetics,there is a third factor also in play,one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes,and in others operates on its own to shape who we are.

然后，最近的双胞胎研究帮助将科学家引向一个全新的结论：先天和后天并不是唯 一发挥作用的基础因素。根据近期出现的、被称为“表观遗传性”的研究领域，在此过程中还有第三个因素。它在一些情况下架起了环境与基因之间的桥梁，在另外一些情况下则独自发挥作用塑造我们的人生。

第7段

Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a‘third component‘.These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed:how each gene is strengthened or weakened,even turned on or off,to build our bones,brains and all the other parts of our bodies.

表观遗传的过程是这样一些化学反应。它们与先天和后天都不相关，但却代表了研究者所称之为的“第三种因素”。这些反应影响我们基因编码的表达方式：即每个基因如何被强化或弱化，甚至被打开或关闭，来构建我们的骨骼，大脑和身体的其他部分。

第8段

If you think of our DNA as an immense piano keyboard and our genes as the keys–each key symbolizing a segment of DNA responsible for a particular note,or trait,and all the keys combining to make us who we are–then epigenetic processes determine when and how each key can be struck,changing the tune being played.

如果你将我们的DNA想象成巨大的钢琴键盘，将基因想象成琴键-每个琴键象征着DNA的一个片段，它负责某个特定的音调或者特征。而所有的琴键结合在一起构建我们自身-那么表观遗传过程就决定了每个琴键什么时候以及如何被按下，从而改变演奏的乐曲。

第9段

One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes.Studies of animals,for example,have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy,it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up.Other epigenetic processes appear to occur randomly,while others are normal,such as those that guide embryonic cells as they become heart,brain,or liver cells,for example.

表观遗传学的研究通过揭示环境直接影响基因的机制彻底改变了我们对生物学的理解。例如，对动物的研究表明，当一只老鼠在怀孕期间经受压力时，就可能在其胎儿中引发表观遗传性的改变，进而随着这只啮齿动物的成长而导致行为方面的问题。一些表观遗传过程似乎是随机发生的，但其他的则是常规现象，比如在胚胎细胞变成心脏、大脑或者肝脏细胞过程中起指导作用的那些。

第10段

Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins over the years and thought deeply about what twin studies have taught us.‘It’s very clear when you look at twins that much of what they share is hardwired,’she says.‘Many things about them are absolutely the same and unalterable.But it’s also clear,when you get to know them,that other things about them are different.Epigenetics is the origin of a lot of those differences,in my view.’

基因学家Danielle Reed多年来研究了许多对双胞胎，对双胞胎研究给我们的启示进行了深入的思考。“当你观察双胞胎的时候，很明显，他们大部分相同的地方是由基因决定的”。她说，“他们的许多特点完全相同而且无法改变。但同样明显的是，当你了解他们之后，与他们相关的其他东西则存在差别。在我看来，表观遗传学正是大多数这些差异的根源”。

第11段

Reed credits Thomas Bouchard’s work for today’s surge in twin studies.‘He was the trailblazer,’she says.‘We forget that 50 years ago things like heart disease were thought to be caused entirely by lifestyle.Schizophrenia was thought to be due to poor mothering.Twin studies have allowed us to be more reflective about what people are actually born with and what’s caused by experience.’

Reed将今天双胞胎研究的兴起归功于Thomas Bouchard的工作。“他是这个领域的先驱”，她说，“我们忘记了，50年前，像心脏病这样的事情被认为是完全由生活方式造成的。精神分裂被认为由于不良的照料方式所引发的。双胞胎研究让我们能够进一步反思哪些东西是人们与生俱来的，哪些东西是由经历造成的”。

第12段

Having said that,Reed adds,the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further.‘What I like to say is that nature writes some things in pencil and some things in pen,’she says.‘Things written in pen you can’t change.That’s DNA.But things written in pencil you can.That’s epigenetics.Now that we’re actually able to look at the DNA and see where the pencil writings are,it’s sort of a whole new world.’

在这之后，Reed补充到，表观基因学的最新研究还有可能进一步加深我们的理解。“我想要说的是，部分先天特质是用铅笔写成的，部分则是用钢笔写成的”，她说，“用钢笔写成的东西无法更改。那是DNA。但用铅笔写成的东西可以更改。那是表观遗传学。现在，我们已经能够研究DNA，来观察哪里是由铅笔写就的，这是一个全新的世界”。

剑桥雅思11Test3Passage3阅读原文翻译Preface to How the other half thinks:Adventures in the mathematical reasoning

剑桥雅思11阅读第三套题目第三部分的主题为一本书的序言。文章一共7部分，分别介绍了本书的难度，与其他数学类著作的区别，本书的目的，其他数学专著的不足，本书的特点，目标读者，以及对其他专业人群的好处等内容。

剑桥雅思11 Test3 Passage3阅读原文翻译

A部分

Occasionally,in some difficult musical compositions,there are beautiful,but easy parts–parts so simple a beginner could play them.So it is with mathematics as well.There are some discoveries in advanced mathematics that do not depend on specialized knowledge,not even on algebra,geometry,or trigonometry.Instead they may involve,at most,a little arithmetic,such as‘the sum of two odd numbers is even’,and common sense.Each of the eight chapters in this book illustrates this phenomenon.Anyone can understand every step in the reasoning.

在一些复杂的音乐作品中，偶尔会有优美却简单的部分。这些部分是如此容易，一名初学者也可以演奏。数学也是一样。高等数学中的一些发现并不依赖专业知识，甚至不需要代数、几何或者三角函数。与之相反，它们可能最多只涉及一些四则运算和常识，比如“两个奇数的和为偶数”。这本书八个章节中的每一章都说明了这一现象。任何人都能够理解推理过程中的每个步骤。

The thinking in each chapter uses at most only elementary arithmetic,and sometimes not even that.Thus all readers will have the chance to participate in a mathematical experience,to appreciate the beauty of mathematics,and to become familiar with its logical,yet intuitive,style of thinking.

每个章节中的思考最多只用到基础的算术法则，有时甚至连这都不需要。因此，所有读者都有机会参与到一场数学体验中去，来欣赏数学的美妙，熟悉它的富有逻辑却又充满直觉的思考方式。

B部分

One of my purposes in writing this book is to give readers who haven’t had the opportunity to see and enjoy real mathematics the chance to appreciate the mathematical way of thinking.I want to reveal not only some of the fascinating discoveries,but,more importantly,the reasoning behind them.

我写这本书的目的之一，是为了给那些没有机会见到和享受真正数学的读者一个机会，让他们可以欣赏数学的思考方式。我想要揭示的不仅仅是一些引人入胜的发现，更重要的是它们背后的思考过程。

In that respect,this book differs from most books on mathematics written for the general public.Some present the lives of colorful mathematicians.Others describe important applications of mathematics.Yet others go into mathematical procedures,but assume that the reader is adept in using algebra.

在该方面，这本书区别于大多数为普通大众而写就的数学书籍。它们或者呈现数学家丰富多彩的生活，或者描述数学的重要应用，还有一些深入研究数学步骤，却假定读者能够熟练的使用代数。

C部分

I hope this book will help bridge that notorious gap that separates the two cultures:the humanities and the sciences,or should I say the right brain(intuitive)and the left brain(analytical,numerical).As the chapters will illustrate,mathematics is not restricted to the analytical and numerical;intuition plays a significant role.The alleged gap can be narrowed or completely overcome by anyone,in part because each of us is far from using the full capacity of either side of the brain.To illustrate our human potential,I cite a structural engineer who is an artist,an electrical engineer who is an opera singer,an opera singer who published mathematical research,and a mathematician who publishes short stories.

我希望这本书可以搭建起一座桥梁，跨越那道臭名昭著的间隙，从而沟通两种文化：人文与科学，或者我也许应该将其称之为右脑(直觉性的)与左脑(分析性的，数学的)。正如书中章节将要说明的那样，数学不仅仅是分析性的和数字性的。直觉也扮演着重要的角色。任何人都能够缩小或者完全克服这道所谓的间隙，部分是因为我们每个人都远远没有用出任何一侧大脑的全部能力。为了说明我们人类的潜力，我引用了如下例子：一名结构工程师同时也是一名艺术家;一名电气工程师同时也是一名歌剧演唱家;一名歌剧演唱家出版了一本数学研究著作，以及一名数学家发表了一些短篇小说。

D部分

Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-scientists,but have necessarily had to omit the mathematics,although it provides the foundation of their theories.The reader must remain a tantalized spectator rather than an involved participant,since the appropriate language for describing the details in much of science is mathematics,whether the subject is expanding universe,subatomic particles,or chromosomes.Though the broad outline of a scientific theory can be sketched intuitively,when a part of the physical universe is finally understood,its description often looks like a page in a mathematics text.

其他科学家也写了一些书籍来向非科学家解释他们的领域，但却不得不忽略数学部分，尽管它为他们的理论提供了基础。由于细致描述大部分科学(无论主题是膨胀的宇宙，还是亚原子粒子，又或者是染色体)的恰当语言是数学，读者只好全程做一个跃跃欲试而不得的旁观者，而不是加入其中的参与者。虽然一个科学理论的大致轮廓可以通过直觉来刻画，但当某部分实体宇宙最终被人们所理解，它的描述经常看起来像是数学课本中的某一页。

E部分

Still,the non-mathematical reader can go far in understanding mathematical reasoning.This book presents the details that illustrate the mathematical style of thinking,which involves sustained,step-by-step analysis,experiments,and insights.You will turn these pages much more slowly than when reading a novel or a newspaper.It may help to have a pencil and paper ready to check claims and carry out experiments.

非数学专业的读者仍然可以深入理解数学的推导过程。这本书呈现出的细节解释了数学的思维方式。它包含连续的、一步步的分析，实验和思考。与阅读小说或者报纸相比，你翻页的速度会慢很多。旁边放支铅笔和纸张，随时准备核验书中理论和进行实验会很有帮助。

F部分

As I wrote,I kept in mind two types of readers:those who enjoyed mathematics until they were turned off by an unpleasant episode,usually around fifth grade,and mathematics aficionados,who will find much that is new throughout the book.

我在写作时，脑子里有两种类型的读者：一类人直到被某一不愉快的插曲劝退之前都挺喜欢数学的，而这通常发生在5年级左右。另一类人是数学的狂热爱好者，他们会在书中发现许多全新的东西。

This book also serves readers who simply want to sharpen their analytical skills.Many careers,such as law and medicine,require extended,precise analysis.Each chapter offers practice in following a sustained and closely argued line of thought.That mathematics can develop this skill is shown by these two testimonials.

这本书也适合那些仅仅想要磨练自己分析技能的读者。诸如法律和医药等许多职业都需要全面、精确的分析能力。每一章在连续、严密的思维论证之后都会给出练习。下面两份证词可以展示数学确实能够提升该项能力。

G部分

A physician wrote,‘The discipline of analytical thought processes[in mathematics]prepared me extremely well for medical school.In medicine one is faced with a problem which must be thoroughly analyzed before a solution can be found.The process is similar to doing mathematics.’

一名医生写到：“(数学中)分析思维过程的原则让我为医学院的学习做足了准备。在医学中，一个人面临的问题必须经过透彻的分析才能够找到解决方案。这一过程与做数学题十分相似”。

A lawyer made the same point,‘Although I had no background in law–not even one political science course–I did well at one of the best law schools.I attribute much of my success there to having learned,through the study of mathematics,and,in particular,theorems,how to analyze complicated principles.Lawyers who have studied mathematics can master the legal principles in a way that most others cannot.’

一名律师也发表了相同的意见，“虽然我没有法律的相关背景，甚至也不曾修读过任何一门政治科学课程，但我在一所法学院中成绩优异。我将自己在那里取得的成功归功于曾经的数学学习，尤其是对各种定理的学习，了解如何分析复杂的原理。学习过数学的律师能够以一种大多数其他律师所无法掌握的方式掌握法律原理”。

I hope you will share my delight in watching as simple,even naïve,questions lead to remarkable solutions and purely theoretical discoveries find unanticipated applications.

我希望你能够分享我的喜悦，去观察简单甚至幼稚的问题如何引向非同寻常的解决方案，以及纯粹的理论发现如何找到意料之外的用途。

剑桥雅思11Test3Passage2阅读原文翻译Great Migrations伟大的迁徙

剑桥雅思11阅读第三套题目第二篇文章的主题为动物的迁徙。文章一共7段，分别介绍了动物迁徙的定义和特点，迁徙中的动物专心致志，大型哺乳动物和小型动物的迁徙，人类活动的影响，以及对迁徙活动的保护。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思11 Test3 Passage2阅读原文翻译

第1段

Animal migration,however it is defined,is far more than just the movement of animals.It can loosely be described as travel that takes place at regular intervals–often in an annual cycle–that may involve many members of a species,and is rewarded only after a long journey.It suggests inherited instinct.The biologist Hugh Dingle has identified five characteristics that apply,in varying degrees and combinations,to all migrations.They are prolonged movements that carry animals outside familiar habitats;they tend to be linear,not zigzaggy;they involve special behaviours concerning preparation(such as overfeeding)and arrival;they demand special allocations of energy.And one more:migrating animals maintain an intense attentiveness to the greater mission,which keeps them undistracted by temptations and undeterred by challenges that would turn other animals aside.

无论如何定义动物迁徙，它都不仅仅是动物的移动而已。它可以大致被描述为按照规律的间隔(通常以一年为周期)所进行的旅行。这通常涉及某一种群中的大部分成员，并且只有在漫长的旅程之后才能得到奖励。这种行为显示出它们的遗传本能。生物学家Hugh Dingle总结出5个在不同程度上或者按照不同组合适用于所有迁徙的特点。它们是漫长的移动，将动物带出熟悉的栖息地;它们通常是线性的，而非蜿蜒曲折的;它们涉及到与准备(如过量饮食)和到达相关的特殊行为;它们需要独特的能量分配。此外还有一点，迁徙中的动物对这一伟大的任务高度专注。这让它们不会被诱惑所干扰，面对让其他动物止步不前的挑战不屈不挠。

第2段

An arctic tern,on its 20,000 km flight from the extreme south of South America to the Arctic circle,will take no notice of a nice smelly herring offered from a bird-watcher’s boat along the way.While local gulls will dive voraciously for such handouts,the tern flies on.Why?The arctic tern resists distraction because it is driven at that moment by an instinctive sense of something we humans find admirable:larger purpose.In other words,it is determined to reach its destination.The bird senses that it can eat,rest and mate later.Right now it is totally focused on the journey;its undivided intent is arrival.Reaching some gravelly coastline in the Arctic,upon which other arctic terns have converged,will serve its larger purpose as shaped by evolution:finding a place,a time,and a set of circumstances in which it can successfully hatch and rear offspring.

一只北极燕鸥在它从南美最南端到北极圈长达20000公里的飞行中，不会注意到路途上鸟类观察者的小船所提供的美味鲱鱼。尽管当地海鸥会为这些馈赠而贪婪地俯冲下来，燕鸥却继续向前飞行。这是为什么呢?北极燕鸥之所以拒绝这一诱惑是因为那时它被一种我们人类十分钦佩的本能所驱动着，即更大的目标。换句话说，它下定决心要到达自己的目的地。这只鸟感觉自己可以稍后进食、休息和交配。现在，它全神贯注于这一旅程，全部的心思都是抵达。到达北极沙砾遍布、其他北极燕鸥聚集的海岸便能达成由进化所塑造出来的更大的目标：找到某个地方，某个时间，以及一系列的环境条件。在其中，它可以成功地孵化和养育后代。

第3段

But migration is a complex issue,and biologists define it differently,depending in part on what sorts of animals they study.Joel Berger,of the University of Montana,who works on the American pronghorn and other large terrestrial mammals,prefers what he calls a simple,practical definition suited to his beasts:‘movements from a seasonal home area away to another home area and back again’.Generally the reason for such seasonal back-and-forth movement is to seek resources that aren’t available within a single area year-round.

但是，迁徙是一个复杂的问题，根据生物学家所研究的动物种类不同，他们对它的定义也各有不同。蒙大拿大学、研究美国叉角羚和其他大型陆生哺乳动物的Joel Berger，倾向于使用一个适用于他所研究的动物类型的，简单实用的定义：“从一个季节性的栖息地离开，到另外一个栖息地去，并再次返回的过程”。大体来说，这种季节性往返移动的原因是为了寻找在某个单一区域并非全年存在的资源。

第4段

But daily vertical movements by zooplankton in the ocean–upward by night to seek food,downward by day to escape predators–can also be considered migration.So can the movement of aphids when,having depleted the young leaves on one food plant,their offspring then fly onward to a different host plant,with no one aphid ever returning to where it started.

但是，海洋中浮游生物每天的垂直移动-夜里向上寻找食物，白天向下躲避捕食者-也可以被认为是迁徙。蚜虫的活动同样如此，在吃光了一株植物上的嫩叶之后，它们的后代会飞到一株不同的宿主植物上。没有一个蚜虫会返回到出发的地方。

第5段

Dingle is an evolutionary biologist who studies insects.His definition is more intricate than Berger’s,citing those five features that distinguish migration from other forms of movement.They allow for the fact that,for example,aphids will become sensitive to blue light(from the sky)when it’s time for takeoff on their big journey,and sensitive to yellow light(reflected from tender young leaves)when it’s appropriate to land.Birds will fatten themselves with heavy feeding in advance of a long migrational flight.The value of his definition,Dingle argues,is that it focuses attention on what the phenomenon of wildebeest migration shares with the phenomenon of the aphids,and therefore helps guide researchers towards understanding how evolution has produced them all.

Dingle是一名研究昆虫的进化生物学家。他的定义与Berger相比要更加精致一些，列举出迁徙区别于其他形式移动的5个特征。它们考虑到以下事实：例如蚜虫在开启自己宏大旅程的时候会变得对来自天空的蓝色光线更为敏感，而在适合降落的时候会对反射自嫩叶的黄色光线更为敏感。鸟类会在漫长迁徙飞行之前会大量饮食来让自身变得肥胖。Dingle认为，其定义的价值在于，它将注意力放在角马迁徙与蚜虫迁徙现象的共性上，并由此来帮助引导研究者理解进化是如何产生所有这些共性的。

第6段

Human behaviour,however,is having a detrimental impact on animal migration.The pronghorn,which resembles an antelope,though they are unrelated,is the fastest land mammal of the New World.One population,which spends the summer in the mountainous Grand Teton National Park of the western USA,follows a narrow route from its summer range in the mountains,across a river,and down onto the plains.Here they wait out the frozen months,feeding mainly on sagebrush blown clear of snow.These pronghorn are notable for the invariance of their migration route and the severity of its constriction at three bottlenecks.If they can’t pass through each of the three during their spring migration,they can’t reach their bounty of summer grazing;if they can’t pass through again in autumn,escaping south onto those windblown plains,they are likely to die trying to overwinter in the deep snow.Pronghorn,dependent on distance vision and speed to keep safe from predators,traverse high,open shoulders of land,where they can see and run.At one of the bottlenecks,forested hills rise to form a V,leaving a corridor of open ground only about 150 metres wide,filled with private homes.Increasing development is leading toward a crisis for the pronghorn,threatening to choke off their passageway.

然而，人类行为对动物迁徙有着负面影响。叉角羚虽然与羚羊无关，但看起来很像。它是新世界速度最快的陆生哺乳动物。其中一个族群会在美国西部大提顿国家公园的山脉之间度过夏天，然后从其山间的夏季牧场沿一条狭窄的路径南下，穿过河流，到达平原。在这里，他们等待寒冷月份结束，主要以被风吹过露出雪面的灌木为生。这些叉羚羊之所以引人注目是因为其迁徙路线的不变性，以及三个瓶颈的严重限制。如果它们在春季迁徙中无法通过三个中的任何一个，它们就不能到达食物充足的夏季草场。如果他们在秋季时不能再次通过，就无法向南逃到被风吹拂的平原上，并很有可能在试图度过厚厚冰雪的冬季中死亡。叉羚羊依赖其远视能力和速度来躲避捕食者。他们穿行于陆地高耸开阔的地带，便于四处观察和奔跑。在其中一个瓶颈中，遍布森林的山峰耸立，形成V字形状，只留下一条大约150米宽的走廊。其间充满私人住宅。不断的发展正在引发一场叉羚羊的生存危机，有堵塞它们通道的风险。

第7段

Conservation scientists,along with some biologists and land managers within the USA’s National Park Service and other agencies,are now working to preserve migrational behaviours,not just species and habitats.A National Forest has recognised the path of the pronghorn,much of which passes across its land,as a protected migration corridor.But neither the Forest Service nor the Park Service can control what happens on private land at a bottleneck.And with certain other migrating species,the challenge is complicated further–by vastly greater distances traversed,more jurisdictions,more borders,more dangers along the way.We will require wisdom and resoluteness to ensure that migrating species can continue their journeying a while longer.

物种保护科学家，以及来自美国国家公园管理局和其他机构的一些生物学家和土地管理者，现在正努力保护动物的迁徙行为，而不仅仅是它们的种群和栖息地。一片国家森林将叉角羚的迁徙路线(很大一部分路径要穿行其中)列为受保护的迁徙走廊。但无论是森林服务局还是公园服务局都无法控制瓶颈地带私人土地上所发生的事情。对于其他一些迁徙物种来说，挑战要更加复杂一些。它们一路上穿越更长的距离，更多的管辖区，更多的边境，面对更多的危险。我们需要智慧和决心来确保迁徙中的物种能够将他们的旅途进行的更长久一些。

剑桥雅思11Test3Passage1阅读原文翻译The story of silk丝绸的故事

剑桥雅思11阅读第三套题目第 一篇文章讲述了丝绸的故事。文章一共五段，分别介绍了丝绸起源的传说，丝绸在中国各朝代的情况，丝绸之路的诞生，丝绸在西方世界的传播，以及现代丝绸的发展过程。

剑桥雅思11 Test3 Passage1阅读原文翻译

第1段

Silk is a fine,smooth material produced from the cocoons–soft protective shells–that are made by mulberry silkworms(insect larvae).Legend has it that it was Lei Tzu,wife of the Yellow Emperor,ruler of China in about 3000 BC,who discovered silkworms.One account of the story goes that as she was taking a walk in her husband’s gardens,she discovered that silkworms were responsible for the destruction of several mulberry trees.She collected a number of cocoons and sat down to have a rest.It just so happened that while she was sipping some tea,one of the cocoons that she had collected landed in the hot tea and started to unravel into a fine thread.Lei Tzu found that she could wind this thread around her fingers.Subsequently,she persuaded her husband to allow her to rear silkworms on a grove of mulberry trees.She also devised a special reel to draw the fibres from the cocoon into a single thread so that they would be strong enough to be woven into fabric.While it is unknown just how much of this is true,it is certainly known that silk cultivation has existed in China for several millennia.

丝绸是一种精致，柔顺的布料，产自桑蚕(昆虫幼体)制作出的蚕茧-即其柔软的起保护作用的外壳。根据传说，是公元前3000年左右统治中国的黄帝的妻子嫘祖发现了桑蚕。故事是这样讲述的：当她在她丈夫的公园里散步时，发现桑蚕破坏了几棵桑树。她收集了一些蚕茧，并坐下休息一会儿。当她在喝茶的时候，一粒收集到的蚕茧碰巧掉进了热茶中，开始松散成一根细丝。嫘祖发现她可以将这跟细线缠绕到自己手指上。于是，她说服丈夫让她在一片桑树林里养蚕。她还发明了一种特殊的卷盘来将蚕茧中的纤维纺成丝线，以便它们足够坚韧可以纺成织物。虽然不知道这个故事里有多少是真实可信的，但可以确定的是，丝绸的生产已经在中国存在了好几千年。

第2段

Originally,silkworm farming was solely restricted to women,and it was they who were responsible for the growing,harvesting and weaving.Silk quickly grew into a symbol of status,and originally,only royalty were entitled to have clothes made of silk.The rules were gradually relaxed over the years until finally during the Qing Dynasty(1644-1911 AD),even peasants,the lowest caste,were also entitled to wear silk.Sometime during the Han Dynasty(206 BC-220 AD),silk was so prized that it was also used as a unit of currency.Government officials were paid their salary in silk,and farmers paid their taxes in grain and silk.Silk was also used as diplomatic gifts by the emperor.Fishing lines,bowstrings,musical instruments and paper were all made using silk.The earliest indication of silk paper being used was discovered in the tomb of a noble who is estimated to have died around 168 AD.

一开始，桑蚕养殖仅限女性。她们负责养育、收获和纺织。丝绸很快变成地位的象征。最初，只有皇家可以穿丝绸制成的衣服。这些规矩文章来自老烤鸭雅思随着时间发展逐渐放松。最终，到了清朝(公元1644年-1911年)，即便是农民这一最 低阶层也可以穿丝绸了。汉朝(公元前206年到公元后220年)的某个时期，丝绸是如此宝贵，以至于它还被当作货币单位使用。朝廷官员的俸禄是用丝绸支付的，农民则用谷物和丝绸来纳税。丝绸还被皇帝当成外交礼物使用。渔线、弓弦、乐器和纸张均由丝绸制成。使用丝制纸张的最早证据发现于一名贵族的墓中。据估计，他大约死于公元168年左右。

第3段

Demand for this exotic fabric eventually created the lucrative trade route now known as the Silk Road,taking silk westward and bringing gold,silver and wool to the East.It was named the Silk Road after its most precious commodity,which was considered to be worth more than gold.The Silk Road stretched over 6,000 kilometres from Eastern China to the Mediterranean Sea,following the Great Wall of China,climbing the Pamir mountain range,crossing modern-day Afghanistan and going on to the Middle East,with a major trading market in Damascus.From there,the merchandise was shipped across the Mediterranean Sea.Few merchants travelled the entire route;goods were handled mostly by a series of middlemen.

对这一异国织物的需求最终催生出一条利润丰厚的贸易路线，即现在所谓的丝绸之路。它向西运送丝绸，并将黄金、白银和羊毛带回到东方。丝绸之路因其最宝贵的商品而得名。它被视为比黄金更贵重。丝绸之路绵延6000多公里，从东方的中国一直到地中海地区，沿着长城，攀越帕米尔山脊，穿过今日的阿富汗，并延伸到中东。在大马士革有一个主要的交易场所。从那里开始，商品被装上船穿过地中海。很少有商人走完整条路线。货物大多是由一系列中间商交接传递的。

第4段

With the mulberry silkworm being native to China,the country was the world’s sole producer of silk for many hundreds of years.The secret of silk-making eventually reached the rest of the world via the Byzantine Empire,which ruled over the Mediterranean region of southern Europe,North Africa and the Middle East during the period 330-1453 AD.According to another legend,monks working for the Byzantine emperor Justinian smuggled silkworm eggs to Constantinople(Istanbul in modern-day Turkey)in 550 AD,concealed inside hollow bamboo walking canes.The Byzantines were as secretive as the Chinese,however,and for many centuries the weaving and trading of silk fabric was a strict imperial monopoly.Then in the seventh century,the Arabs conquered Persia,capturing their magnificent silks in the process.Silk production thus spread through Africa,Sicily and Spain as the Arabs swept through these lands.Andalusia in southern Spain was Europe’s main silk-producing centre in the tenth century.By the thirteenth century,however,Italy had become Europe’s leader in silk production and export.Venetian merchants traded extensively in silk and encouraged silk growers to settle in Italy.Even now,silk processed in the province of Como in northern Italy enjoys an esteemed reputation.

由于桑蚕是中国的本地物种，这个国家在好几百年的时间里都是世界上唯 一的丝绸生产商。制造丝绸的秘密最终经由拜占庭帝国传播到世界其他地方。它于公元330年到1453年统治着南欧、北非和中东组成的地中海地区。根据另一个传说，为拜占庭皇帝Justinian服务的僧侣在公元550年将桑蚕卵藏在空心的竹子手杖里，偷偷带到了君士坦丁堡(今日土耳其的伊斯坦布尔)。然而，拜占庭人和中国人一样保守秘密。在很多世纪里，丝绸的纺织与贸易严格由国家垄断。然后在七世纪，阿拉伯人征服了波斯，并在此过程中劫掠了宝贵的丝绸。丝绸生产由此随着阿拉伯人对非洲、西西里和西班牙的扫荡而传播到这些地区。西班牙南部的安达卢西亚是十世纪欧洲的主要丝绸生产中心。然而，到了十三世纪，意大利成为欧洲丝绸生产和出口的领 导者。威尼斯商人到处进行丝绸贸易，并鼓励丝绸生产者到意大利定居。即使是现在，意大利北部科莫省加工的丝绸仍然享有很高的声誉。

第5段

The nineteenth century and industrialisation saw the downfall of the European silk industry.Cheaper Japanese silk,trade in which was greatly facilitated by the opening of the Suez Canal,was one of the many factors driving the trend.Then in the twentieth century,new manmade fibres,such as nylon,started to be used in what had traditionally been silk products,such as stockings and parachutes.The two world wars,which interrupted the supply of raw material from Japan,also stifled the European silk industry.After the Second World War,Japan’s silk production was restored,with improved production and quality of raw silk.Japan was to remain the world’s biggest producer of raw silk,and practically the only major exporter of raw silk,until the 1970s.However,in more recent decades,China has gradually recaptured its position as the world’s biggest producer and exporter of raw silk and silk yarn.Today,around 125,000 metric tons of silk are produced in the world,and almost two thirds of that production takes place in China.

十九世纪和工业化见证了欧洲丝绸产业的衰落。更为廉价的日本丝绸是推动这一趋势的众多因素之一。苏伊士运河的开通极大地方便了这一贸易的进行。到了20世纪，尼龙这样的新型人造纤维开始被用于传统的丝绸制品中，例如袜子和降落伞。两次世界大战中断了日本的原材料供给，也扼杀了欧洲的丝绸产业。第二次世界大战结束后，日本的丝绸生产得以重建，生丝的制作工艺和品质都有所提升。直到20世纪70年代，日本仍然是世界上最 大的生丝生产商，实际上也是唯 一的主要生丝出口商。然而，到了近几十年，中国逐渐夺回它曾经的地位，成为世界上生丝和丝线的最 大生厂商与出口者。今天，全世界大约生产125000吨的丝绸，几乎三分之二都来自中国。

剑桥雅思11Test2Passage1阅读原文翻译Raising the Mary Rose玛丽玫瑰号

剑桥雅思11阅读第二套题目第 一篇文章的主题为玛丽玫瑰号的发现与打捞。文章分为6段，分别介绍了玛丽玫瑰号沉没，发现，打捞的过程。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思11 Test2 Passage1阅读原文翻译

第1段

On 19 July 1545,English and French fleets were engaged in a sea battle off the coast of southern England in the area of water called the Solent,between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight.Among the English vessels was a warship by the name of Mary Rose.Built in Portsmouth some 35 years earlier,she had had a long and successful fighting career,and was a favourite of King Henry VIII.Accounts of what happened to the ship vary:while witnesses agree that she was not hit by the French,some maintain that she was outdated,overladen and sailing too low in the water,others that she was mishandled by undisciplined crew.What is undisputed,however,is that the Mary Rose sank into the Solent that day,taking at least 500 men with her.After the battle,attempts were made to recover the ship,but these failed.

1545年7月19日，英国和法国舰队在英格兰南部海域发生了一起海战。该海域被称为索伦特，位于朴茨茅次和怀特岛之间。英国舰队中有一艘名为玛丽玫瑰号的战舰。她于35年前在朴茨茅次建造，拥有长久而成功的战斗历史，是国王亨利八世的挚爱。关于这艘战舰发生的事情描述各异：虽然目击者都认为她没有被法国舰队击中，但一些人坚持认为她已经过时，装载了太多的东西，吃水太深;而其他人则认为是纪律不良的船员进行了错误操作。然而，毫无争议的是，玛丽玫瑰号在那天沉入了索伦特水域。一同沉没的还有至少500名船员。战斗之后，人们尝试寻找这艘战舰，但都失败了。

第2段

The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed,lying on her starboard(right)side at an angle of approximately 60 degrees.The hull(the body of the ship)acted as a trap for the sand and mud carried by Solent currents.As a result,the starboard side filled rapidly,leaving the exposed port(left)side to be eroded by marine organisms and mechanical degradation.Because of the way the ship sank,nearly all of the starboard half survived intact.During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,the entire site became covered with a layer of hard grey clay,which minimised further erosion.

玛丽玫瑰号靠在海床上，右舷着地成60度角。船体吞噬索伦特洋流所带来沙子和泥土。因此，右舷一侧迅速被填满，使得左侧暴露在外面，很快被海洋生物和机械降解侵蚀。由于船只的沉没方式，右舷一侧几乎被完整地保留了下来。17世纪和18世纪，整个沉船区域被一层坚硬的灰色粘土覆盖，减少了进一步的侵蚀。

第3段

Then,on 16 June 1836,some fishermen in the Solent found that their equipment was caught on an underwater obstruction,which turned out to be the Mary Rose.Diver John Deane happened to be exploring another sunken ship nearby,and the fishermen approached him,asking him to free their gear.Deane dived down,and found the equipment caught on a timber protruding slightly from the seabed.Exploring further,he uncovered several other timbers and a bronze gun.Deane continued diving on the site intermittently until 1840,recovering several more guns,two bows,various timbers,part of a pump and various other small finds.

随后，1836年6月16日，索伦特海域的一些渔民发现他们的设备被某种水下障碍物卡住。而该障碍物正是玛丽玫瑰号。潜水员John Deane恰好在附近探索另外一艘沉船。渔民找到他，请他帮助解开他们的设备。Deane潜入水中，发现设备被挂在微微伸出海床的木杆上。进一步探查之后，他发现了一些其他木料，以及一把铜火枪。Deane断断续续地潜入该地点直到1840年。他发现了更多的火枪、两把弓、各种木材、水泵部件，以及其他各种各样的小东西。

第4段

The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years.But in 1965,military historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee,in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua Club,initiated a project called‘Solent Ships’.While on paper this was a plan to examine a number of known wrecks in the Solent,what McKee really hoped for was to find the Mary Rose.Ordinary search techniques proved unsatisfactory,so McKee entered into collaboration with Harold E.Edgerton,professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.In 1967,Edgerton’s side-scan sonar systems revealed a large,unusually shaped object,which McKee believed was the Mary Rose.

玛丽玫瑰号随后又销声匿迹了100多年。1965年，军事历史学家、业余潜水员Axexander Mckee与英国潜水俱乐部合作，发起了一项被称为“索伦特沉船”的项目。纸面上，该计划是要研究一些索伦特海域已知的沉船，但Mckee真正希望的是找到玛丽玫瑰号。常规的搜索技术被证明差强人意，所以Mckee开始与麻省理工学院的电子工程学教授Harold E.Edgerton合作。1967年，Edgerton的侧向扫描声纳系统发现了一个巨大的、形状与众不同的物体。Mckee相信这正是玛丽玫瑰号。

第5段

Further excavations revealed stray pieces of timber and an iron gun.But the climax to the operation came when,on 5 May 1971,part of the ship’s frame was uncovered.McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck,but were as yet unaware that it also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts.Interest in the project grew,and in 1979,The Mary Rose Trust was formed,with Prince Charles as its President and Dr Margaret Rule its Archaeological Director.The decision whether or not to salvage the wreck was not an easy one,although an excavation in 1978 had shown that it might be possible to raise the hull.While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible,the operation was not given the go-ahead until January 1982,when all the necessary information was available.

进一步的发掘找到了一些散落的木头片和一支铁制火枪。但整个行动的高潮发生在1971年5月5日。当时找到了部分船只框架。Mckee和他的团队现在明确知道他们发现了沉船，但还没有意识到里面储藏着保存完好的精美艺术品宝藏。人们对该项目的兴趣日益高涨。1979年玛丽玫瑰号信托基金成立，查尔斯王子担任主席，Margaret Rule担任考古负责人。尽管1978年的发掘显示有可能打捞起整个船体，但是否打捞船只的决定却并不容易做出。虽然最初的目的是只要有可能就将船体打捞上来，但该行动直到1982年1月所有信息完备之后才得到批准。

第6段

An important factor in trying to salvage the Mary Rose was that the remaining hull was an open shell.This led to an important decision being taken:namely to carry out the lifting operation in three very distinct stages.The hull was attached to a lifting frame via a network of bolts and lifting wires.The problem of the hull being sucked back downwards into the mud was overcome by using 12 hydraulic jacks.These raised it a few centimetres over a period of several days,as the lifting frame rose slowly up its four legs.It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame,clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud,that the salvage operation progressed to the second stage.In this stage,the lifting frame was fixed to a hook attached to a crane,and the hull was lifted completely clear of the seabed and transferred underwater into the lifting cradle.This required precise positioning to locate the legs into the‘stabbing guides’of the lifting cradle.The lifting cradle was designed to fit the hull using archaeological survey drawings,and was fitted with air bags to provide additional cushioning for the hull‘s delicate timber framework.The third and final stage was to lift the entire structure into the air,by which time the hull was also supported from below.Finally,on 11 October 1982,millions of people around the world held their breath as the timber skeleton of the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the water,ready to be returned home to Portsmouth.

影响尝试打捞玛丽玫瑰号的一个重要因素在于残存的船体是一个开放的外壳。这导致做出一项重要的决定，即整个提升操作分为三个截然不同的阶段。船体通过螺栓和起吊绳索组成的网固定到起重框架上。利用12个液压起重机解决了船体向下被吸回到泥土中的问题。随着起吊框架缓慢抬升自己的四个支架，船体在几天的时间里被升起几厘米。只有当船体完全悬挂在起吊框架上，离开海床，不受周围泥土吸力的影响时，打捞行动才进行到第二阶段。在该阶段，起重框架被固定在起重机的吊钩上。船体完全脱离海床，在水下被转移到升降篮中。通过考古调查绘画，升降篮被设计的贴合船体，并用空气包填充，从而为船只脆弱的木制框架提供额外的缓冲。第三也是最后一个阶段是将整个船体升至空中。同时船体从下方得到支撑。最终，1982年10月11日，全球数百万人屏息见证了玛丽玫瑰号的木制骨架脱离水面，准备回到朴茨茅次。

剑桥雅思11Test1Passage3阅读原文翻译Reducing the Effects of Climate Change改善全球变暖

剑桥雅思11阅读第 一套题目第三篇文章的主题为通过地球工程来改善全球变暖的现状。文章一共8段，大体可以分为两部分。前半部分介绍各种地球工程建议。后半部分介绍其可能的危害和我们应有的态度。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思11 Test1 Passage3阅读原文翻译

段落A

Such is our dependence on fossil fuels,and such is the volume of carbon dioxide already released into the atmosphere,that many experts agree that significant global warming is now inevitable.They believe that the best we can do is keep it at a reasonable level,and at present the only serious option for doing this is cutting back on our carbon emissions.But while a few countries are making major strides in this regard,the majority are having great difficulty even stemming the rate of increase,let alone reversing it.Consequently,an increasing number of scientists are beginning to explore the alternative of geo-engineering–a term which generally refers to the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment.According to its proponents,geo-engineering is the equivalent of a backup generator:if Plan A–reducing our dependency on fossil fuels–fails,we require a Plan B,employing grand schemes to slow down or reverse the process of global warming.

我们对化石燃料的依赖如此之重，已经排放到大气中的二氧化碳的量是如此之大，以至于许多专家认为严重的全球变暖已经不可避免。他们相信，我们最多也就是能将其保持在合理的水平。而现阶段这么做的唯 一选择是削减二氧化碳排放量。但是，尽管一些国家在该方面大步前进，大多数国家哪怕是在是在抑制增长速率上都有很大困难，更不用说逆转它。因此，越来越来越多的科学家开始探索实施地球工程(国际性的大规模环境操控)这一替代方案。根据其支持者的说法，地球工程相当于备用发电机。如果A计划(减少我们对化石燃料的依赖性)失败了，我们需要B计划，即采用宏大的方案来减缓或者逆转全球变暖的过程。

段落B

Geo-engineering has been shown to work,at least on a small localised scale.For decades,May Day parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies,aircraft having deposited dry ice,silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds.Many of the schemes now suggested look to do the opposite,and reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the planet.The most eye-catching idea of all is suggested by Professor Roger Angel of the University of Arizona.His scheme would employ up to 16 trillion minute spacecraft,each weighing about one gram,to form a transparent,sunlight-refracting sunshade in an orbit 1.5 million km above the Earth.This could,argues Angel,reduce the amount of light reaching the Earth by two per cent.

至少在较小的地方范围，地球工程已经被证明有效。几十年来，莫斯科的五一游行都在湛蓝的天空下举行。飞机播撒干冰，碘化银和水泥粉末来驱散云层。许多方案如今希望用相反的方式，来减少到达地球的太阳光。最引人注目的观点是由亚利桑那大学的Roger Angel教授提出来的。他的方案会利用多达16兆的微型飞行器，每个重量大约一克，在地球上方150万公里处的轨道上组成一个透明的，折射太阳光的遮光板。Angel认为，这将会减少2%的到达地球的阳光。

段落C

The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out–which include planting forests in deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae–have focused on achieving a general cooling of the Earth.But some look specifically at reversing the melting at the poles,particularly the Arctic.The reasoning is that if you replenish the ice sheets and frozen waters of the high latitudes,more light will be reflected back into space,so reducing the warming of the oceans and atmosphere.

大多数目前开展的地球工程(包括在沙漠中种树，以及将铁沉淀入海洋中来促进藻类生长)都致力于实现地球的整体降温。但一些特别着眼于逆转两极的冰盖融化，尤其是北极。其背后的原因是，如果你补充高海拔地区的冰盖和冻水，更多的阳光会被反射回太空，从而减少减缓海洋和大气变暖。

段落D

The concept of releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic has been proposed by several scientists.This would involve using sulphur or hydrogen sulphide aerosols so that sulphur dioxide would form clouds,which would,in turn,lead to a global dimming.The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions,such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991,which led to a short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5℃.Scientists have also scrutinised whether it’s possible to preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables,preventing icebergs from moving into the sea.Meanwhile in the Russian Arctic,geo-engineering plans include the planting of millions of birch trees.Whereas the region’s native evergreen pines shade the snow and absorb radiation,birches would shed their leaves in winter,thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow.Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming,say some climate scientists.

一些科学家提出向北极上方的平流层释放喷雾剂。这包括使用硫或者氢化硫喷雾，从而使二氧化硫形成云层，进而造成全球变暗(多云)。这一想法仿照历史悠久的火山爆发。比如1991年菲律宾Pinatubo Mount的爆发造成全球气温在短期内降低了0.5度。科学家同样细致探讨了是否有可能利用强化线缆来保存格陵兰的冰盖，阻止冰山进入大海。与此同时，在俄罗斯北极地区，地球工程的计划包括种植数百万棵桦树。该地区土生土长的常青松树会遮挡雪地并吸收辐射，而桦树在冬天落叶，从而使得辐射能够被雪地反射回去。一些气候科学家认为，改变俄罗斯的河流方向以增加流向结冰区域的冷水同样可以减缓全球变暖。

段落E

But will such schemes ever be implemented?Generally speaking,those who are most cautious about geo-engineering are the scientists involved in the research.Angel says that his plan is‘no substitute for developing renewable energy:the only permanent solution’.And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is equally guarded about the role of geo-engineering:‘I think all of us agree that if we were to end geo-engineering on a given day,then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly,and probably within ten to twenty years.That’s certainly something to worry about.’

但这样的计划会被实施吗?大体来说，对地球工程持最谨慎态度的人正是那些参与研究的科学家。Angel说：“他的计划并不是发展可再生能源-解决方案-的替代品”。美国太平洋西北国家实验室的Phil Rasch博士对地球工程的作用同样十分谨慎，“我认为，我们所有人都同意，如果我们在某一天结束地球工程，那么地球会迅速(可能在10到20年之内)回到实施工程前的状态。这必然让人担心。”

段落F

The US National Center for Atmospheric Research has already suggested that the proposal to inject sulphur into the atmosphere might affect rainfall patterns across the tropics and the Southern Ocean.‘Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric aerosols or to seed clouds would act to cool the planet,and act to increase the extent of sea ice,’says Rasch.‘But all the models suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation.’

美国国家大气研究中心已经表示，在大气中注入硫的提议可能会影响热带地区和南部海洋的降雨模式。“地球工程计划注入平流层喷雾或者制造云层的行动将会使地球冷却，并增加海洋冰面的范围”，Rasch说，“但所有的模型都显示，这会对降雨分布产生一些影响”。

段落G

‘A further risk with geo-engineering projects is that you can“overshoot”,’says Dr Dan Lunt,from the University of Bristol’s School of Geophysical Sciences,who has studied the likely impacts of the sunshade and aerosol schemes on the climate.‘You may bring global temperatures back to pre-industrial levels,but the risk is that the poles will still be warmer than they should be and the tropics will be cooler than before industrialisation.’To avoid such a scenario,Lunt says Angel’s project would have to operate at half strength;all of which reinforces his view that the best option is to avoid the need for geo-engineering altogether.

布里斯托大学地球物理科学院的Dan Lunt博士在研究了遮挡阳光和气雾剂方案之后说：“地球工程还存在过度实施的深层风险”。“你可能将全球气温带回到工业革命之前的水平，但风险在于，极地气温仍然比应有的要高，而热带地区则会比工业化开始之前要低”。为了避免这种情况，Lunt说Angel的方案必须以一半的强度来实施;所有这些都加强了他自身的观点，即最好的选择是完全避免地球工程。

段落H

The main reason why geo-engineering is supported by many in the scientific community is that most researchers have little faith in the ability of politicians to agree–and then bring in–the necessary carbon cuts.Even leading conservation organisations see the value of investigating the potential of geo-engineering.According to Dr Martin Sommerkorn,climate change advisor for the World Wildlife Fund’s International Arctic Programme,‘Human-induced climate change has brought humanity to a position where we shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities.’

地球工程得到科学界许多人支持的主要原因是，大多数研究人员并不认为政客会认可必要的碳排放削减。即便是一 流的环保组织也看到了研究地球工程潜力的价值。根据世界野生动物基金会国际北极项目的气候变化顾问Martin Sommerkorn博士的说法，“人类引发的气候变化已经将人类置于如此处境，我们不应该抛弃对这一方案及其可能性的彻底思考”。

剑桥雅思11Test1Passage2阅读原文翻译The Falkirk Wheel法尔柯克水轮

剑桥雅思11阅读第 一套题目第二篇文章的主题为法尔柯克水轮。文章一共7段，分别介绍了该水轮的作用，建造原因，激发灵感，制作和安装，构成，运作原理等内容。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思11 Test1 Passage2阅读原文翻译

第1段

The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland is the world’s first and only rotating boat lift.Opened in 2002,it is central to the ambitious￡84.5m Millennium Link project to restore navigability across Scotland by reconnecting the historic waterways of the Forth&Clyde and Union Canals.

苏格兰的法尔柯克水轮是世界上第 一个也是唯 一的旋转式船用升降机。它于2002年开放，是雄心勃勃的、耗资8450万英镑的Millennium Link项目的核心。该项目通过重新连接Forth&Clyde和联合运河的历史航道来恢复整个苏格兰的航行能力。

第2段

The major challenge of the project lay in the fact that the Forth&Clyde Canal is situated 35 metres below the level of the Union Canal.Historically,the two canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11 locks–enclosed sections of canal in which the water level could be raised or lowered–that stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km.This had been dismantled in 1933,thereby breaking the link.When the project was launched in 1994,the British Waterways authority were keen to create a dramatic twenty-first-century landmark which would not only be a fitting commemoration of the Millennium,but also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration of the region.

该项目的主要挑战在于，Forth&Clyde运河位于联合运河水平面以下35米。从历史上看，这两个运河是在法尔柯克镇附近通过11道闸门在1.5公里的长度里逐渐下降从而连接在一起的-封闭的运河段可以升高或降低水位。这些装置在1933年被拆除，从而切断了运河之间的联系。当该项目于1994年启动时，英国水道局渴望创建一个引人注目的二十一世纪地标。这不仅是对新千年的恰当纪念，而且是该地区经济复兴的持久象征。

第3段

Numerous ideas were submitted for the project,including concepts ranging from rolling eggs to tilting tanks,from giant see-saws to overhead monorails.The eventual winner was a plan for the huge rotating steel boat lift which was to become The Falkirk Wheel.The unique shape of the structure is claimed to have been inspired by various sources,both manmade and natural,most notably a Celtic double-headed axe,but also the vast turning propeller of a ship,the ribcage of a whale or the spine of a fish.

人们为该项目提出了许多想法，包括从滚动装置到倾斜的水箱，从巨型跷跷板到高架单轨铁路等概念。最终的胜利者是巨大的旋转钢制船舶升降机计划，也就是之后的法尔科克水轮。据称，这种结构的独特形状是受到各种因素的启发，人为和自然的都有，最著 名的是凯尔特人的双头斧，船上巨大的旋转螺旋桨，鲸鱼的胸膛或是鱼类的脊柱。

第4段

The various parts of The Falkirk Wheel were all constructed and assembled,like one giant toy building set,at Butterley Engineering’s Steelworks in Derbyshire,some 400 km from Falkirk.A team there carefully assembled the 1,200 tonnes of steel,painstakingly fitting the pieces together to an accuracy of just 10 mm to ensure a perfect final fit.This article is from Laokaoya website.In the summer of 2001,the structure was then dismantled and transported on 35 lorries to Falkirk,before all being bolted back together again on the ground,and finally lifted into position in five large sections by crane.The Wheel would need to withstand immense and constantly changing stresses as it rotated,so to make the structure more robust,the steel sections were bolted rather than welded together.Over 45,000 bolt holes were matched with their bolts,and each bolt was hand-tightened.

法尔柯克水轮的各个部分都在德比郡布特利工程公司的钢铁厂(距福尔柯克约400公里)中建造和组装，就像一组巨大的玩具一样。那里的团队精心组装了1200吨钢铁部件，竭尽全力地以仅为10毫米的精确度将零件装配在一起，以保证最终的完美组合。2001年夏天，该设备被拆除，并用35辆卡车运输到法尔柯克，然后全部重新固定在地面上，最后用起重机将五大部分吊装到位。水轮在旋转时需要承受巨大且不断变化的应力，因此为了使结构更加牢固，钢制部分采用螺栓连接而不是焊接在一起。超过45,000个螺栓孔与它们的螺栓匹配，并且每个螺栓都是手动拧紧的。

第5段

The Wheel consists of two sets of opposing axe-shaped arms,attached about 25 metres apart to a fixed central spine.Two diametrically opposed water-filled‘gondolas’,each with a capacity of 360,000 litres,are fitted between the ends of the arms.These gondolas always weigh the same,whether or not they are carrying boats.This is because,according to Archimedes’principle of displacement,floating objects displace their own weight in water.So when a boat enters a gondola,the amount of water leaving the gondola weighs exactly the same as the boat.This keeps the Wheel balanced and so,despite its enormous mass,it rotates through 180°in five and a half minutes while using very little power.It takes just 1.5 kilowatt-hours(5.4 M J)of energy to rotate the Wheel–roughly the same as boiling eight small domestic kettles of water.

水轮由两组相对的斧形悬臂组成。它们以约25米的距离连接到固定的中心支柱上。两个截然相反的充满水的“贡多拉”，分别装在悬臂的末端，容量为360,000升。无论贡多拉是否载着船，它们的重量始终相同。这是因为，根据阿基米德的位移原理，漂浮物体会在水中排除自身的重量。因此，当船只进入贡多拉时，离开贡多拉的水的重量与船只的重量完全相同。这样可以使水轮保持平衡，因此尽管水轮质量巨大，但它能用非常少的能量在五分半钟内旋转180°。旋转水轮仅需1.5千瓦时(5.4 MJ)的能量-大约与煮沸八个家用小水壶所需要的能量相同。

第6段

Boats needing to be lifted up enter the canal basin at the level of the Forth&Clyde Canal and then enter the lower gondola of the Wheel.Two hydraulic steel gates are raised,so as to seal the gondola off from the water in the canal basin.The water between the gates is then pumped out.A hydraulic clamp,which prevents the arms of the Wheel moving while the gondola is docked,is removed,allowing the Wheel to turn.In the central machine room an array of ten hydraulic motors then begins to rotate the central axle.The axle connects to the outer arms of the Wheel,which begin to rotate at a speed of 1/8 of a revolution per minute.As the wheel rotates,the gondolas are kept in the upright position by a simple gearing system.Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width,connected by two smaller cogs travelling in the opposite direction to the outer cogs–so ensuring that the gondolas always remain level.When the gondola reaches the top,the boat passes straight onto the aqueduct situated 24 metres above the canal basin.

需要升起的船只以Forth&Clyde运河的高度进入运河港池，然后进入水轮的下部吊舱。两个水力钢闸门被抬起，从而将调仓封闭于运河港池之中。然后闸门之间的水会被泵出。防止吊舱停靠时水轮悬臂移动的液压夹板会被移走，让水轮得以旋转。在中央机房中，由十个液压马达组成的阵列开始旋转中心轴。中心轴连接到水轮的外臂，外臂开始以每分钟1/8转的速度旋转。随着水轮的转动，吊舱通过简单的齿轮系统保持在垂直位置。两个八米宽的齿轮绕着相同宽度的固定内嵌齿轮旋转，它们由两个转动方向与外部齿轮相反的小齿轮连接，从而确保吊舱始终保持水平。当吊舱到达顶部时，船只直接穿过位于运河港池上方24米处的沟渠。

第7段

The remaining 11 metres of lift needed to reach the Union Canal is achieved by means of a pair of locks.The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference between the two canals,owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall,which was built by the Romans in the second century AD.Boats travel under this wall via a tunnel,then through the locks,and finally on to the Union Canal.

到达联合运河所需的剩余11米距离是通过一对水闸来实现的。由于在历史上十分重要的安东尼墙的存在(该墙是罗马人在公元二世纪建造的)，人们无法在两条运河之间搭建水轮以升起船只跨越35米的高度。船只通过隧道在这堵墙下面行驶，然后穿过船闸，最后到达联合运河。

剑桥雅思10Test4Passage3阅读原文翻译When evolution runs backwards进化后退

剑桥雅思10阅读第四套题目第三篇文章探讨了进化是否会倒退与其原因。文章一共十段，分别介绍了进化倒退的现象，以及对该现象的两种解释。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思10 Test4 Passage3阅读原文翻译

第1段

The description of any animal as an‘evolutionary throwback’is controversial.For the better part of a century,most biologists have been reluctant to use those words,mindful of a principle of evolution that says‘evolution cannot run backwards’.But as more and more examples come to light and modern genetics enters the scene,that principle is having to be rewritten.Not only are evolutionary throwbacks possible,they sometimes play an important role in the forward march of evolution.

将任何动物描述为“进化倒退”是有争议的。该世纪的大部分时间里，大多数生物学家一直不愿意使用这些词汇。他们谨记着进化的一条基础原则，“进化不能后退”。但随着越来越多的例子出现，以及现代基因科学的诞生，这条规则不得不被改写。进化的倒退不仅是可能的，它们还在向前的进化中起着重要作用。

第2段

The technical term for an evolutionary throwback is an‘atavism’,from the Latin atavus,meaning forefather.The word has ugly connotations thanks largely to Cesare Lombroso,a 19th-century Italian medic who argued that criminals were born not made and could be identified by certain physical features that were throwbacks to a primitive,sub-human state.

用于描述进化后退的技术词汇是“返祖现象”，它来自于拉丁语atavus，意思是祖先。该词具有一定的丑陋含义。这在很大程度上要归功于19世纪意大利医务人员Cesare Lombroso。他认为犯罪分子是天生的，而不是后期造成的。并且可以根据特定的身体特征来进行识别。而这些特征可以追溯到原始的亚人类状态。

第3段

While Lombroso was measuring criminals,a Belgian palaeontologist called Louis Dollo was studying fossil records and coming to the opposite conclusion.In 1890 he proposed that evolution was irreversible:that‘an organism is unable to return,even partially,to a previous stage already realised in the ranks of its ancestors’.Early 20th-century biologists came to a similar conclusion,though they qualified it in terms of probability,stating that there is no reason why evolution cannot run backwards—it is just very unlikely.And so the idea of irreversibility in evolution stuck and came to be known as‘Dollo’s law’.

Lombroso在描述罪犯时，一名叫做Louis Dollo的比利时古生物学家正在研究化石记录，并得出相反的结论。1890年，他提出进化是不可逆的，“一种生物无法回到其祖先在进化序列中已经完成的任何先前阶段，即使是部分回归也不可能”。二十世纪早期的生物学家得出了相似的结论，尽管他们在概率上对其进行了限定，认为并没有任何理由支持进化无法后退，它仅仅是不太可能。因此，这种进化不可逆的观念扎根下来，并被称为“Dollo定律”。

第4段

If Dollo’s law is right,atavisms should occur only very rarely,if at all.Yet almost since the idea took root,exceptions have been cropping up.In 1919,for example,a humpback whale with a pair of leg-like appendages over a metre long,complete with a full set of limb bones,was caught off Vancouver Island in Canada.Explorer Roy Chapman Andrews argued at the time that the whale must be a throwback to a land-living ancestor.‘I can see no other explanation,’he wrote in 1921.

如果Dollo定律是正确的，那么返祖现象哪怕确实存在，也应该十分少见。然而，几乎从这一概念扎根以来，例外就一直出现。例如，1919年，加拿大温哥华岛上捕获了一头座头鲸。它有一双类似于腿的、一米多长的附属物，并拥有完整的四肢骨骼。探险家Roy Chapman Andrews那时认为这头鲸鱼一定退化成了其生活在陆地上的祖先状态。他于1921年写到，“我找不到任何其他解释”。

第5段

Since then,so many other examples have been discovered that it no longer makes sense to say that evolution is as good as irreversible.And this poses a puzzle:how can characteristics that disappeared millions of years ago suddenly reappear?In 1994,Rudolf Raff and colleagues at Indiana University in the USA decided to use genetics to put a number on the probability of evolution going into reverse.They reasoned that while some evolutionary changes involve the loss of genes and are therefore irreversible,others may be the result of genes being switched off.If these silent genes are somehow switched back on,they argued,long-lost traits could reappear.

从那时起，发现了如此之多的其他例子，以至于坚持进化不可逆这一理论不再有什么意义。这就提出了一个难题：那些几百万年前消失的特征怎么会再次突然出现?1994年，美国印第安纳大学Rudolf Raff和他的同事决定利用基因学量化进化倒退的可能性。他们考虑到，虽然一些进化变化涉及到基因的缺失，并因此是不可逆的。但其他的则可能是基因被关闭的结果。他们认为，如果这些沉默的基因以某种方式再次被打开，消失了很长时间的特征就会再次出现。

第6段

Raff’s team went on to calculate the likelihood of it happening.Silent genes accumulate random mutations,they reasoned,eventually rendering them useless.So how long can a gene survive in a species if it is no longer used?The team calculated that there is a good chance of silent genes surviving for up to 6 million years in at least a few individuals in a population,and that some might survive as long as 10 million years.In other words,throwbacks are possible,but only to the relatively recent evolutionary past.

Raff的团队继续计算这一现象发生的可能性。他们认为沉默的基因会积累随机突变，并最终使得它们变得毫无用处。所以，如果一个基因不再被使用，那么它在一个物种中可以存在多长时间呢?该团队计算，有很大概率，沉默的基因在种群中的一些个体里可以存在600万年，一些甚至可能延续1000万年那么久。换句话说，退化完全可能，但仅仅是退回相对较近的进化阶段。

第7段

As a possible example,the team pointed to the mole salamanders of Mexico and California.Like most amphibians these begin life in a juvenile‘tadpole’state,then metamorphose into the adult form—except for one species,the axolotl,which famously lives its entire life as a juvenile.The simplest explanation for this is that the axolotl lineage alone lost the ability to metamorphose,while others retained it.From a detailed analysis of the salamanders’family tree,however,it is clear that the other lineages evolved from an ancestor that itself had lost the ability to metamorphose.In other words,metamorphosis in mole salamanders is an atavism.The salamander example fits with Raff’s 10-million-year time frame.

该团队列举了墨西哥和加利福尼亚的钝口螈为证。与大多数两栖动物类似，它们以一种年幼的“蝌蚪”形态开始自己的一生，然后转变为成年形态。只有一个品种例外：蝾螈。它因一生都保持着年幼状态而闻名。这一现象最简单的解释是，蝾螈这一单独分支失去了变形的能力，而其他分支则保留了这一能力。然而，通过对蝾螈家族谱系的细致分析发现，其他分支显然是从某一个已经失去变形能力的祖先进化而来的。话句话说，钝口螈的变形能力是一种返祖现象。钝口螈的例子符合Raff一千万年的时间框架。

第8段

More recently,however,examples have been reported that break the time limit,suggesting that silent genes may not be the whole story.In a paper published last year,biologist Gunter Wagner of Yale University reported some work on the evolutionary history of a group of South American lizards called Bachia.Many of these have minuscule limbs;some look more like snakes than lizards and a few have completely lost the toes on their hind limbs.Other species,however,sport up to four toes on their hind legs.The simplest explanation is that the toed lineages never lost their toes,but Wagner begs to differ.According to his analysis of the Bachia family tree,the toed species re-evolved toes from toeless ancestors and,what is more,digit loss and gain has occurred on more than one occasion over tens of millions of years.

然而，更近一些被报道的例子打破了时间限制，表明沉默的基因可能还不是故事的全部。在去年发表的一篇论文中，耶鲁大学生物学家Gunter Wagner公布了一些自己对一种名为Bachia的南美洲蜥蜴的进化历史所做的研究。它们许多都有微型四肢。一些看起来更像是蛇而不是蜥蜴。一些已经完全失去了后肢的指头。然而，其他物种的后肢上则出现了最多四个指头。最简单的解释是，有指头的分支从未丧失过这一特征。但Wagner持不同意见。根据他对Bachia家族谱系的研究，有指头的物种从没有指头的祖先那里再次进化出了指头。此外，这种脚趾的消失和再现在过去上千万年里曾不只出现过一次。

第9段

So what’s going on?One possibility is that these traits are lost and then simply reappear,in much the same way that similar structures can independently arise in unrelated species,such as the dorsal fins of sharks and killer whales.Another more intriguing possibility is that the genetic information needed to make toes somehow survived for tens or perhaps hundreds of millions of years in the lizards and was reactivated.These atavistic traits provided an advantage and spread through the population,effectively reversing evolution.

那么，到底是怎么回事呢?一种可能是，这些特征先是消失，然后只是简单的再次出现而已。就跟一些相似的结构可能独立出现在不相关的物种身上一样，比如鲨鱼和虎鲸的背鳍。另外一种更为有趣的可能是，需要用来制造指头的基因信息在蜥蜴中存在了数千万甚至上亿年，然后被再次激活了。这些返祖体征提供了一项优势，并在族群中传播开来，有效地逆转了进化进程。

第10段

But if silent genes degrade within 6 to 10 million years,how can long-lost traits be reactivated over longer timescales?The answer may lie in the womb.Early embryos of many species develop ancestral features.Snake embryos,for example,sprout hind limb buds.Later in development,these features disappear thanks to developmental programs that say‘lose the leg’.If for any reason this does not happen,the ancestral feature may not disappear,leading to an atavism.

但如果沉默的基因在600万到1000万年的时间里退化，那么已经消失了很久的特征又是如何在更长的时间跨度里重现的呢?答案可能存在于子宫内部。许多物种的早期胚胎都发展出祖先的特征。例如，蛇的胚胎会长出后腿突起物。在随后的发育过程中，这些特征会由于发育程序的命令(丢掉这些腿)而消失。如果因为某种原因，这一机制没有起作用，那么祖先的特征就不会消失，导致返祖现象。

剑桥雅思10Test4Passage2阅读原文翻译Second Nature第二天性

剑桥雅思10阅读第四套题目第二篇文章的主题为第二天性。文章一共8段，大体可以分为两部分。前3段论证先天性格可以改变，后5段说明具体的改变方法。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思10 Test4 Passage2阅读原文翻译

段落A

Psychologists have long held that a person’s character cannot undergo a transformation in any meaningful way and that the key traits of personality are determined at a very young age.However,researchers have begun looking more closely at ways we can change.Positive psychologists have identified 24 qualities we admire,such as loyalty and kindness,and are studying them to find out why they come so naturally to some people.What they’re discovering is that many of these qualities amount to habitual behaviour that determines the way we respond to the world.The good news is that all this can be learned.

心理学家一直认为，一个人的性格不可能经历任何有意义的改变，并且性格的关键特点在年龄很小的时候就已经确定下来。然而，研究人员开始更密切的观察我们可以改变的方式。积极心理学家列举了我们所赞扬的24种品质，比如忠诚和善良，并对他们开展研究，以探究为什么它们对于一些人来说如此自然而然地就会出现。他们发现，许多这些品质等同于习惯性行为，决定着我们对世界的回应方式。好 消息是，这些可以通过学习而活动。

Some qualities are less challenging to develop than others,optimism being one of them.However,developing qualities requires mastering a range of skills which are diverse and sometimes surprising.For example,to bring more joy and passion into your life,you must be open to experiencing negative emotions.Cultivating such qualities will help you realise your full potential.

一些品质比其他品质更容易培养。乐观就是其中之一。然而，培养品质需要掌握一系列十分多样，并且有时令人惊讶的技巧。例如，为了把更多的欢乐和热情带入你的生活，你必须对体验负面情绪保持开放态度。培养这些品质会帮助你实现自己的全部潜力。

段落B

‘The evidence is good that most personality traits can be altered,’says Christopher Peterson,professor of psychology at the University of Michigan,who cites himself as an example.Inherently introverted,he realised early on that as an academic,his reticence would prove disastrous in the lecture hall.So he learned to be more outgoing and to entertain his classes.‘Now my extroverted behaviour is spontaneous,’he says.

密歇根大学心理学教授Christopher Peterson用自己作为例子说，“有很好的证据表明，大多数性格特征都是可以改变的”。作为一个天生内向的人，他很早就意识到，身为一名学者，他的含蓄在讲堂里将是灾难性的。因此他学着更加外向一些，并努力活跃课堂气氛。“现在我外向的行为是自发的”，他说。

段落C

David Fajgenbaum had to make a similar transition.He was preparing for university;when he had an accident that put an end to his sports career.On campus,he quickly found that beyond ordinary counselling,the university had no services for students who were undergoing physical rehabilitation and suffering from depression like him.He therefore launched a support group to help others in similar situations.He took action despite his own pain–a typical response of an optimist.

David Fajgenbaum也不得不做出相似的转变。由于一场意外结束了自己的运动生涯，他正在准备考大学。校园里，他很快发现，除了普通的咨询之外，大学没有为像他那样正在经历身体复健并饱受抑郁困扰的学生提供任何服务。因此，他发起了一个支持小组来帮助拥有相似状况的人。不顾自己的痛苦，他仍然采取行动。而这正是一名乐观主义者的典型回应。

段落D

Suzanne Segerstrom,professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky,believes that the key to increasing optimism is through cultivating optimistic behaviour,rather than positive thinking.She recommends you train yourself to pay attention to good fortune by writing down three positive things that come about each day.This will help you convince yourself that favourable outcomes actually happen all the time,making it easier to begin taking action.

肯塔基大学心理学教授Suzanne Segerstrom认为，提升乐观的关键在于培养乐观行为，而非积极的思考模式。她推荐你通过记下每天发生的三件积极事情来训练自己去关注好运气。这会帮助你相信，有利的结果其实一直都在发生，从而让开始采取行动更加容易一些。

段落E

You can recognise a person who is passionate about a pursuit by the way they are so strongly involved in it.Tanya Streeter’s passion is freediving–the sport of plunging deep into the water without tanks or other breathing equipment.Beginning in 1998,she set nine world records and can hold her breath for six minutes.The physical stamina required for this sport is intense but the psychological demands are even more overwhelming.Streeter learned to untangle her fears from her judgment of what her body and mind could do.‘In my career as a competitive freediver,there was a limit to what I could do–but it wasn’t anywhere near what I thought it was,’she says.

你可以根据一个人对某项追求的大力投入来判断这个人对此满怀热情。Tanya Streeter’s的热情在于自由潜水-一项不带氧气罐或其他呼吸设备潜入水里深处的运动。从1998年开始，她创造了9项世界记录，并能够闭气6分钟。这项运动对身体耐力要求很高，但对心理状态的要求却更为关键。Streeter学会通过判断自己身体和精神能做到什么来驱散恐惧。她说：“在我作为一名优 秀的自由潜水运动员的生涯中，我的能力确实存在极限-但它远远超出我曾经的设想”。

段落F

Finding a pursuit that excites you can improve anyone’s life.The secret about consuming passions,though,according to psychologist Paul Silvia of the University of North Carolina,is that‘they require discipline,hard work and ability,which is why they are so rewarding.’Psychologist Todd Kashdan has this advice for those people taking up a new passion:‘As a newcomer,you also have to tolerate and laugh at your own ignorance.You must be willing to accept the negative feelings that come your way,’he says.

找到一个能让你为之兴奋的追求可以提升任何人的生活质量。但是，根据北卡罗来纳大学心理学家Paul Silvia的说法，消耗激情的秘密在于“它们需要自律、努力和能力，这也是他们为什么如此值得去做的原因”。心理学家Todd Kashdan对刚刚开始新爱好的人提出如下建议，“作为一名新手，你不得不忍受和嘲笑自己的无知。你必须愿意接受随之而来的负面情感”。

段落G

In 2004,physician-scientist Mauro Zappaterra began his PhD research at Harvard Medical School.Unfortunately,he was miserable as his research wasn’t compatible with his curiosity about healing.He finally took a break and during eight months in Santa Fe,Zappaterra learned about alternative healing techniques not taught at Harvard.When he got back,he switched labs to study how cerebrospinal fluid nourishes the developing nervous system.He also vowed to look for the joy in everything,including failure,as this could help him learn about his research and himself.

2004年，医生兼心理学家Mauro Zappaterra在哈佛医学院开始了自己的博士研究。由于他的研究与自己对治疗的好奇并不匹配，他十分苦恼。最终，他决定中断学业，并在Santa Fe度过了8个月的时间。在那里，Zappaterra了解到哈佛大学并未教授的替代医疗技术。当他回归校园之后，他更换了实验室以研究脑脊髓炎如何滋养神经系统的发育。他还下定决心寻找一切事物中的乐趣，甚至包括失败，因为这能够帮助他了解自己的研究工作和自身。

One thing that can hold joy back is a person’s concentration on avoiding failure rather than their looking forward to doing something well.‘Focusing on being safe might get in the way of your reaching your goals,’explains Kashdan.For example,are you hoping to get through a business lunch without embarrassing yourself,or are you thinking about how fascinating the conversation might be?

一个人如果全神贯注于避免失败而非期待做好某事，那么快乐就会受到阻碍。“关注安全可能会阻碍你实现自己的目标”，Kashdan解释说。例如，你是希望在不使自己尴尬的情况下度过商业午宴，还是思考期间的对话可能会多么的有趣?

段落H

Usually,we think of courage in physical terms but ordinary life demands something else.For marketing executive Kenneth Pedeleose,it meant speaking out against something he thought was ethically wrong.The new manager was intimidating staff so Pedeleose carefully recorded each instance of bullying and eventually took the evidence to a senior director,knowing his own job security would be threatened.Eventually the manager was the one to go.According to Cynthia Pury,a psychologist at Clemson University,Pedeleose’s story proves the point that courage is not motivated by fearlessness,but by moral obligation.Pury also believes that people can acquire courage.Many of her students said that faced with a risky situation,they first tried to calm themselves down,then looked for a way to mitigate the danger,just as Pedeleose did by documenting his allegations.

通常，我们是从生理角度思考勇敢的含义，但日常生活需要别的东西。对于市场营销人员Kenneth Pedeleose来说，它意味着对某些他认为道德上错误的行为说不。新来的经理恐吓员工。所以Pedeleose仔细记录了每一次的欺凌，并最终将证据提交给资 深主管，尽管他知道这么做自己的工作可能会受到威胁。最终，经理才是走人的那个。根据克莱门大学心理学家Cynthia Pury的说法，Pedeleose的故事证明了勇气并不是由无畏，而是由道德责任激发的。Pury也相信人们能够获得勇气。她的许多学生说，面临危险的情况时，他们首先尝试让自己冷静下来，然后寻找方法降低危险，正如Pedeleose通过记录指控证据所做的那样。

Over the long term,picking up a new character trait may help you move toward being the person you want to be.And in the short term,the effort itself could be surprisingly rewarding,a kind of internal adventure.

长期来看，获取新的性格特征可能会帮助你朝着自己想要成为的人前进。短期来看，这些努力自身可能就有出乎意料的回报。这是一种内心的冒险。

剑桥雅思10Test4Passage1阅读原文翻译The megafires of California加利福尼亚超级大火

剑桥雅思10阅读第四套题目第 一篇文章的主题为加利福尼亚的超级大火。文章一共10个自然段，大体可以分为三部分，分别介绍了超级大火的情况，引发超级大火的原因，以及相应的对策。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思10 Test4 Passage1阅读原文翻译

第1段

Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States,with Southern California being the hardest hit area.There’s a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames,despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the‘Santa Ana Winds’.The wildfires themselves,experts say,are generally hotter,faster,and spread more erratically than in the past.

在美国西部，野火正变得越来越严重，南加州是受打击最严重的区域。尽管准备工作比以往任何时候都要好，并且有数十年对抗“Santa Ana”飓风所煽起的火灾的经验，但在南加州，与更频繁的大火作斗争的消防队却很难控制火灾规模。这是有原因的。专家说，与过去相比，野火本身温度更好，起火更快，传播路线也更加不规则。

第2段

Megafires,also called‘siege fires’,are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500,000 acres or more–10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago.Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned,according to state figures and news reports.

超级大火也被称为“围攻火”，是越来越频繁的大火。他们文章来自老烤鸭雅思烧毁了50万英亩甚至更多的土地，是20年前森林火灾平均损毁面积的10倍。根据州数据和新闻报道，就燃烧面积而言，最近的一些野火是加州有史以来最 大的火灾。

第3段

One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region,which usually has dry summers,has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years.Another reason,experts say,is related to the century-long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible.The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush,now the primary fuel for megafires.

超高温火灾越来越多的一种解释是，该地区夏季通常十分干燥。近年来，其降水量大大低于正常水平。专家们说，另一个原因与美国森林服务局长达一个世纪的政策有关。该政策要求尽快扑灭野火。它意外的阻碍了对矮木丛的自然清理，而它们现在成为超级火灾的主要燃料。

第4段

Three other factors contribute to the trend,they add.First is climate change,marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states.Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago.Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas.

他们补充说，三个其他因素也加剧了这一趋势。首先是气候变化，西部各州的年平均气温升高了1华氏度。其次是火灾季节，平均比20年前长78天。第三是森林地带房屋建筑的增加。

第5段

‘We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems,’says Dominik Kulakowski,adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester,Massachusetts.‘Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano.’

“我们越来越多地把自己的家建在火灾易发的生态系统中”，马萨诸塞州伍斯特市克拉克大学研究生院生物学教授Dominik Kulakowski说，“在美国西部的许多森里中这样做，就仿佛是把家安在了活火山旁边”。

第6段

In California,where population growth has averaged more than 600,000 a year for at least a decade,more residential housing is being built.‘What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity,’says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters’union.‘With so much dryness,so many communities to catch fire,so many fronts to fight,it becomes an almost incredible job.’

至少十年来，加利福尼亚平均每年人口增长超过600,000。更多的住宅被建造起来。“曾经的开阔地带现在被住宅所占据，它们为火灾提供燃料，使其燃烧的更为剧烈”，加利福尼亚森林消防工会的Terry Mchale说，“这么干燥的天气，这么多的社区着火，这么多的战线需要扑灭，这几乎是一项不可能完成的工作”。

第7段

That said,many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years,after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres,burned thousands of homes,and killed numerous people.Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained,personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood—and canyon—hopping fires better than previously,observers say.

话虽如此，在一些加州历史上最 大的火灾烧焦了数千亩土地，烧毁了数千所房屋，并吞噬了无数生命之后，许多专家对加利福尼亚州近年来的备灾工作仍然给出了很高的评价。观察家说，相关人员过去曾因失败而饱受批评，因为他们让本可以受到控制的火灾四处蔓延，但现在他们更好地应对了奇特的挑战，火灾在住宅区和峡谷中隔空蔓延。

第8段

State promises to provide more up-to-date engines,planes,and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled.Firefighters’unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment,old fire engines,and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the state’s commitment,noting that funding for firefighting has increased,despite huge cuts in many other programs.‘We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us,and[has]come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought,’says Mr.McHale of the firefighters’union.

州政府关于提供更新的车辆、飞机和直升机以对抗火灾的承诺都已兑现。过去抱怨设备损坏，消防车老旧，以及缺乏足够消防安全蓝图的消防员工会，现在则对州政府的投入表示赞扬。他们注意到，尽管许多其他计划被大幅度削减，但用于消防的资金却有所增加。消防工会的McHale说：“我们感到高兴的是，现任州政府一直非常积极地支持我们，并且已经为我们长期以来寻求的基础设备需求提供了预算支持”。

第9段

Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads,the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the strategies to run them.‘In the fire sieges of earlier years,we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help,but we were not able to communicate adequately with them,’says Kim Zagaris,chief of the state’s Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch.After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures,the statewide response‘has become far more professional and responsive,’he says.There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed,dedication,and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past‘siege fire’situations.

除了提供资金以更新那些必须穿越全州、并在峡谷蜿蜒的道路上行驶的车辆以外，该州还投资了更好的指挥和控制设施以及操作它们的策略。州紧急事务办公室火灾与救援分部的主任Kim Zagaris说：“在前几年的火灾中，我们发现其他辖区和州愿意提供互相帮助，但我们无法与他们进行充分的沟通”。在委员会审查并修改了通信程序之后，全州的响应“变得更加专业和迅速”。政府官员和居民都意识到，与过去“围攻火灾”相比，来自多个州和辖区的消防员的速度、投入，和相互协调带来了更高的效率。

第10段

In recent years,the Southern California region has improved building codes,evacuation procedures,and procurement of new technology.‘I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed,’says Randy Jacobs,a Southern California-based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires.‘Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires,we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place,’he says.

近年来，南加州地区已经改善了建筑规范，疏散程序和新技术的采购。“我对我们所见证到的改进印象十分深刻”，南加州的一名律师，Randy Jacobs说。他曾经两次撤离自己的家和办公室以逃避野火。“尽管野火必定会继续造成的损害，但由于采取了防火和消防措施，我们将不再遭受过去遭受的生命损失”。

剑桥雅思10Test3阅读Passage3原文翻译Beyond the blue horizon航海探索

剑桥雅思10阅读第三套题目第三篇文章的主题为Lapita人的航海探索。文章一共11段，大体可以分为三部分，分别介绍了Lapita人的背景信息，其航海行动存在的谜团与相应的解释，以及他们的探索范围。

剑桥雅思10 Test3 Passage3阅读原文翻译

第1段

An important archaeological discovery on the island of Efate in the Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu has revealed traces of an ancient seafaring people,the distant ancestors of today’s Polynesians.The site came to light only by chance.An agricultural worker,digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation,scraped open a grave—the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3,000 years old.It is the oldest cemetery ever found in the Pacific islands,and it harbors the remains of an ancient people archaeologists call the Lapita.

在太平洋瓦努阿图群岛埃法特岛上的一项重要考古发现，揭示了古代航海者的踪迹。他们是当今波利尼西亚人的远古祖先。该遗址是偶然发现的。一名农业工人在一个废弃的种植园中挖地，刨开了一个坟墓。这是一处拥有3000多年历史的墓园里数十个坟墓中出土的第 一个。它是有史以来在太平洋岛屿上发现的最古老的墓地，埋葬着考古学家称为Lapita的远古人类遗骸。

第2段

They were daring blue-water adventurers who used basic canoes to rove across the ocean.But they were not just explorers.They were also pioneers who carried with them everything they would need to build new lives—their livestock,taro seedlings and stone tools.Within the span of several centuries,the Lapita stretched the boundaries of their world from the jungle-clad volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest coral outliers of Tonga.

他们是勇敢的海洋冒险家，使用原始的独木舟在海洋上漂泊。但他们不仅仅是探索者，还是带着开启新生活所需一切物品(牲畜，芋头幼苗和石器)的开拓者。在几个世纪的时间里，Lapita将他们世界的边界从巴布亚新几内亚森林遍布的Papua火山，扩展到汤加半岛最偏远的珊瑚礁。

第3段

The Lapita left precious few dues about themselves,but Efate expands the volume of data available to researchers dramatically.The remains of 62 individuals have been uncovered so far,and archaeologists were also thrilled to find six complete Lapita pots.Other items included a Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged on the rim as though peering down at the human remains sealed inside.‘It’s an important discovery’,says Matthew Spriggs,professor of archaeology at the Australian National University and head of the international team digging up the site,for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.’

Lapita只留下有关自己的少许珍贵印记，但Efate极大地扩展了研究人员可获得的数据量。到目前为止，已经发现了62个人的遗体。而且考古学家还惊喜的找到了6个完整的Lapita罐子。其他物品还包括一个Lapita骨灰盒。其边缘装饰着鸟类模型，仿佛正在低头凝视着里面的人类遗体。澳大利亚国立大学考古学教授，挖掘该遗址的国际团队负责人马修·斯普里格斯(Matthew Spriggs)说：“这是一个重要发现。因为它彻底确认这些遗骸是Lapita人的”。

第4段

DNA teased from these human remains may help answer one of the most puzzling questions in Pacific anthropology:did all Pacific islanders spring from one source or many?Was there only one outward migration from a single point in Asia,or several from different points?‘This represents the best opportunity we’ve had yet,’says Spriggs,‘to find out who the Lapita actually were,where they came from,and who their closest descendants are today.’

从这些人类遗骸中提取的DNA可能有助于回答太平洋人类学中最令人困扰的问题之一：所有的太平洋岛民究竟是来自同一个地方，还是许多地方?是只有一次从亚洲某个地点向外的迁徙呢，还是有从不同地点出发的许多次?斯普利格斯说，“这是我们迄今为止得到的最好机会，可以找出Lapita人究竟是谁，他们来自哪里，以及现在与他们血缘关系最近的后代又是谁”。

第5段

There is one stubborn question for which archaeology has yet to provide any answers:how did the Lapita accomplish the ancient equivalent of a moon landing,many times over?No-one has found one of their canoes or any rigging,which could reveal how the canoes were sailed.Nor do the oral histories and traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights,for they turn into myths long before they reach as far back in time as the Lapita.

有这样一个问题一直等待着考古学的回答：Lapita人究竟是如何在他们那个年代多次完成宛如登月一样的壮举。没有人找到过任何一艘他们使用的独木舟或绳索。这些东西可以揭示独木舟是如何航行的。后来的波利尼西亚人的口述历史和传统也没有提供任何线索，因为他们早在追溯到Lapita之前就已经成为神话传说。

第6段

‘All we can say for certain is that the Lapita had canoes that were capable of ocean voyages,and they had the ability to sail them,’says Geoff Irwin,a professor of archaeology at the University of Auckland.Those sailing skills,he says,were developed and passed down over thousands of years by earlier mariners who worked their way through the archipelagoes of the western Pacific,making short crossings to nearby islands.The real adventure didn’t begin,however,until their Lapita descendants sailed out of sight of land,with empty horizons on every side.This must have been as difficult for them as landing on the moon is for us today.Certainly it distinguished them from their ancestors,but what gave them the courage to launch out on such risky voyages?

奥克兰大学考古学教授杰夫·欧文说：“我们可以肯定地说，Lapita拥有能够进行远洋航行的独木舟，而且他们具有航海能力。”他说，这些航海技巧是由早期航海者开发并在几千年里传承下来的。这些航海者经过西太平洋群岛，抄近路穿过附近的岛屿。然而，直到他们的Lapita后裔驶出可见陆地的范围，四周空无一物，真正的冒险才开始。对于他们来说，这一定很困难，就像对今天的我们来说登陆月球一样。当然，这也将他们与他们的祖先区分开来。但究竟是什么给了他们勇气开启如此危险的航程呢?

第7段

The Lapita’s thrust into the Pacific was eastward,against the prevailing trade winds,Irwin notes.Those nagging headwinds,he argues,may have been the key to their success.‘They could sail out for days into the unknown and assess the area,secure in the knowledge that if they didn’t find anything,they could turn about and catch a swift ride back on the trade winds.This is what would have made the whole thing work.’Once out there,skilled seafarers would have detected abundant leads to follow to land:seabirds,coconuts and twigs carried out to sea by the tides,and the afternoon pile-up of clouds on the horizon which often indicates an island in the distance.

欧文注意到，Lapita对太平洋的探索是向东进行的，与盛行的季风方向想法。

他认为，那些持续不断的逆风可能是其成功的关键。“他们可以在未知的地方航行数日，并评估该区域，因为他们知道如果找不到任何东西，他们可以调头，利用信风快速返回。这就是整个事情得以成功的原因。”一旦身处外海，熟练的海员就会发现有大量的线索可供追踪陆地：海鸟，被潮汐带到了大海的叶子和嫩枝，下午在地平线上堆积的云层，这通常表示远处存在岛屿。

第8段

For returning explorers successful or not,the geography of their own archipelagoes would have provided a safety net.Without this to go by,overshooting their home pores,getting lost and sailing off into eternity would have been all too easy.Vanuatu,for example,stretches more than 500 miles in a northwest-southeast trend,its scores of intervisible islands forming a backstop for mariners riding the trade winds home.

无论成功与否，对于返回的探索者来说，他们自身群岛的地理条件都提供了一张安全网。如果没有它的话，非常容易出现超过家乡港湾的范围，迷失航向并终生在外漂泊的情况。例如，瓦努阿图在西北偏南方向上延伸了500多英里，其数十个可互通的岛屿构成了乘风回返的水手的后盾。

第9段

All this presupposes one essential detail,says Atholl Anderson,professor of prehistory at the Australian National University:the Lapita had mastered the advanced art of sailing against the wind.‘And there’s no proof they could do any such thing,’Anderson says.‘There has been this assumption they did,and people have built canoes to re-create those early voyages based on that assumption.But nobody has any idea what their canoes looked like or how they were rigged.’

澳大利亚国立大学史前学教授阿索尔·安德森(Atholl Anderson)说，所有这些都以一个关键细节为前提：Lapita掌握了逆风航行的先进技术。“没有证据表明他们可以做到这样的事情，”一直存在这样的假设，认为他们确实有此能力。还有人以此假设为基础制造独木舟来重现那些早期的航行。但没有人人道他们的独木舟长什么样子，以及如何操作“。

第10段

Rather than give all the credit to human skill,Anderson invokes the winds of chance.El Nino,the same climate disruption that affects the Pacific today,may have helped scatter the Lapita,Anderson suggests.He points out that climate data obtained from slow-growing corals around the Pacific indicate a series of unusually frequent El Ninos around the time of the Lapita expansion.By reversing the regular east-to-west flow of the trade winds for weeks at a time,these‘super El Ninos’might have taken the Lapita on long unplanned voyages.

与其将这些壮举都归功于人类的技能，安德森提出风的偶然因素。厄尔尼诺这种在今天仍然影响太平洋地区的气候扰动也许帮助了Lapita人的扩散。他指出，从缓慢生长的珊瑚中获得的有关太平洋气候的数据表明，在Lapita人扩张的时候，正好有一系列不同寻常的、频繁的厄尔尼诺现象。通过一次颠倒数周常规的从东向西方向的信风。这些超级厄尔尼诺想象可能将Lapita人带上事先并未计划的长期旅行。

第11段

However they did it,the Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific,then called it quits for reasons known only to them.Ahead lay the vast emptiness of the central Pacific and perhaps they were too thinly stretched to venture farther.They probably never numbered more than a few thousand in total,and in their rapid migration eastward they encountered hundreds of islands–more than 300 in Fiji alone.

无论他们是怎么做到的，Lapita人都将自己的生活范围扩展到横跨太平洋的三分之一，然后又出于只有他们自己知道的原因而停了下来。在他们面前是巨大的、空旷的中太平洋。或许他们延伸的过于狭长，无力进一步冒险。他们的总人口可能一直都没有超过几千人。在他们迅速向东迁徙的过程中，他们遇到了上百座岛屿。单单在斐济一地就超过300个。

剑桥雅思10Test3阅读Passage2原文翻译Autumn leaves秋叶变红

剑桥雅思10阅读第三套题目第二篇文章的主题为秋叶变红的原理。文章一共9段，大体可以分为三部分：介绍秋天树叶变色的现象，目前的理论解释及其缺陷，以及“光屏障”假说。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思10 Test3 Passage2阅读原文翻译

A部分

One of the most captivating natural events of the year in many areas throughout North America is the turning of the leaves in the fall.The colours are magnificent,but the question of exactly why some trees turn yellow or orange,and others red or purple,is something which has long puzzled scientists.

在北美许多地区，一年之中最引人注目的自然现象之一就是秋天里树叶的变化。其颜色绚丽夺目。但究竟为什么一些树木变成黄色或橙色，而其他却变成红色或紫色?这一问题长期以来都困扰着科学家。

B部分

Summer leaves are green because they are full of chlorophyll,the molecule that captures sunlight and converts that energy into new building materials for the tree.As fall approaches in the northern hemisphere,the amount of solar energy available declines considerably.For many trees—­evergreen conifers being an exception-the best strategy is to abandon photosynthesis*until the spring.So rather than maintaining the now redundant leaves throughout the winter,the tree saves its precious resources and discards them.But before letting its leaves go,the tree dismantles their chlorophyll molecules and ships their valuable nitrogen back into the twigs.As chlorophyll is depleted,other colours that have been dominated by it throughout the summer begin to be revealed.This unmasking explains the autumn colours of yellow and orange,but not the brilliant reds and purples of trees such as the maple or sumac.

夏天的叶子是绿色的，因为它们充满了叶绿素。叶绿素是一种捕获阳光并将该能量转化为新的树木增长材料的分子。随着北半球秋天的到来，可利用的太阳能数量大大减少。对于许多树木来说-常绿针叶树除外-最 佳策略是放弃光合作用直到春天来临。因此，与其保留冬季里十分多余的叶子，树木选择节省其宝贵的资源而抛弃它们。但在弃置这些叶子之前，树木会分解其中的叶绿素分子，并将里面含有的宝贵的氮元素运回枝干。随着叶绿素的枯竭，夏季里被它主导的颜色开始显现出来。这一显露过程解释了秋天里出现的黄色和橙色，但却无法解释诸如枫树或漆树之类的树木所呈现的艳丽的红色和紫色。

C部分

The source of the red is widely known:it is created by anthocyanins,water-soluble plant pigments reflecting the red to blue range of the visible spectrum.They belong to a class of sugar-based chemical compounds also known as flavonoids.What’s puzzling is that anthocyanins are actually newly minted,made in the leaves at the same time as the tree is preparing to drop them.But it is hard to make sense of the manufacture of anthocyanins—why should a tree bother making new chemicals in its leaves when it’s already scrambling to withdraw and preserve the ones already there?

红色的来源广为人知：它是由花青素(一种可反射可见光谱中红色到蓝色范围的水溶性植物色素)产生的。它们属于一类糖基化合物，也被称为类黄酮。令人费解的是，花青素实际上是新合成的，是在树木准备将树叶丢弃的同时在里面产生的。但是，很难理解合成花青素的意义-为什么树木在急于收回并保存原本存在于树叶中的化学物质时，还要在里面再制造出新的来呢?

D部分

Some theories about anthocyanins have argued that they might act as a chemical defence against attacks by insects or fungi,or that they might attract fruit-eating birds or increase a leaf’s tolerance to freezing.However there are problems with each of these theories,including the fact that leaves are red for such a relatively short period that the expense of energy needed to manufacture the anthocyanins would outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity achieved.

一些有关花青素的理论认为，它们可能是作为抵御昆虫或真菌攻击的化学防御，或者说，它们可能会吸引以果实维生的鸟类或者提升树叶对寒冷的耐受性。但是，这些理论都存在问题，例如树叶变红的时间如此之短，以至于制造花青素所需要耗费的能量会超过任何抗真菌或防食草动物行为所取得的收益。

E部分

It has also been proposed that trees may produce vivid red colours to convince herbivorous insects that they are healthy and robust and would be easily able to mount chemical defences against infestation.If insects paid attention to such advertisements,they might be prompted to lay their eggs on a duller,and presumably less resistant host.The flaw in this theory lies in the lack of proof to support it.No one has as yet ascertained whether more robust trees sport the brightest leaves,or whether insects make choices according to colour intensity.

还有一种理论认为，树木产生鲜艳的红色是为了让那些食草昆虫相信，它们十分健康强壮，能够轻松的发起抵御侵扰的化学防御。如果昆虫会注意到这些现象，它们可能会将卵产在颜色更为暗淡，不太可能进行抵抗的宿主上。这一理论的缺陷在于缺乏证据支持。尚无人能够确定，更健壮的树木是否会产生最鲜艳的叶子，又或者昆虫是否根据颜色强度来进行选择。

F部分

Perhaps the most plausible suggestion as to why leaves would go to the trouble of making anthocyanins when they’re busy packing up for the winter is the theory known as the‘light screen’hypothesis.It sounds paradoxical,because the idea behind this hypothesis is that the red pigment is made in autumn leaves to protect chlorophyll,the light-absorbing chemical,from too much light.Why does chlorophyll need protection when it is the natural world’s supreme light absorber?Why protect chlorophyll at a time when the tree is breaking it down to salvage as much of it as possible?

树叶为什么会在忙于为冬季做准备的时候还不嫌麻烦的生产叶绿素。这一现象最合理的解释是一种被称为“光屏障”的假说。它听起来有些自相矛盾。因为这种假说背后的想法是，秋天里树叶产生的红色素是为了防止叶绿素这种吸光物质吸收太多的阳光。为什么叶绿素作为自然界的吸光能手还需要保护呢?为什么要在树木分解叶绿素以拯救尽可能多的营养物质时去保护它呢?

G部分

Chlorophyll,although exquisitely evolved to capture the energy of sunlight,can sometimes be overwhelmed by it,especially in situations of drought,low temperatures,or nutrient deficiency.Moreover,the problem of oversensitivity to light is even more acute in the fall,when the leaf is busy preparing for winter by dismantling its internal machinery.The energy absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules of the unstable autumn leaf is not immediately channeled into useful products and processes,as it would be in an intact summer leaf.The weakened fall leaf then becomes vulnerable to the highly destructive effects of the oxygen created by the excited chlorophyll molecules.

虽然叶绿素经过精巧的演变来捕捉太阳光中的能量，但它有时也会被过多的阳光所伤害，尤其是在干旱、低温、或者营养缺乏的时候。此外，秋天里，当树叶正忙于拆解其内部结构为冬天做准备的时候，对阳光过度敏感的问题会更加严重。不稳定的秋叶中，叶绿素分子所吸收的能量并不会被立刻输送到有用的产品或过程中，就像夏天里完好无损的叶子里所发生的那样。这时候，衰弱的落叶十分容易受到活跃的叶绿素分子所产生的氧气的破坏。

H部分

Even if you had never suspected that this is what was going on when leaves turn red,there are clues out there.One is straightforward:on many trees,the leaves that are the reddest are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun.Not only that,but the red is brighter on the upper side of the leaf.It has also been recognised for decades that the best conditions for intense red colours are dry,sunny days and cool nights,conditions that nicely match those that make leaves susceptible to excess light.And finally,trees such as maples usually get much redder the more north you travel in the northern hemisphere.It’s colder there,they’re more stressed,their chlorophyll is more sensitive and it needs more sunblock.

即使你从未怀疑过这就是树叶变红时所发生的事情，也仍然存在许多提示线索。最简单明了的一条是：在许多树木上，最红的叶子出现在光照最多的那一侧。不仅如此，叶子上部的红色会更加鲜亮。几十年来，如下事实都广为人知，产生鲜艳红色的最 佳条件为干燥、阳光充足的白天和寒冷的夜晚。这些条件恰好与那些使叶子容易遭受过度阳光损害的条件相匹配。最后，在北半球越往北去，枫树之类的树木就会变得越红。那里更加寒冷，它们要承受更多的压力，它们的叶绿素更加敏感，需要更多的光屏障。

I部分

What is still not fully understood,however,is why some trees resort to producing red pigments while others don’t bother,and simply reveal their orange or yellow hues.Do these trees have other means at their disposal to prevent overexposure to light in autumn?Their story,though not as spectacular to the eye,will surely turn out to be as subtle and as complex.

然而，至今仍未被完全理解的是，为什么一些树木会选择产生红色素，而其他的则嫌麻烦，只是显露出其橙色或者黄色而已。难道这些树木在抛弃叶子的时候拥有其他手段来防止过度暴露于秋天的阳光之下吗?它们的故事虽然不那么引人注目，但肯定也同样微妙和复杂。

剑桥雅思10Test3阅读Passage1原文翻译The Context,Meaning and Scope of Tourism旅游业

剑桥雅思10阅读第三套题目第 一篇文章的主题为旅游业当下的情况与发展前景。文章一共5段，分别介绍了旅游的历史，大众旅游业的发展，旅游业在经济和社会方面的重要性，界定旅游业影响力的困难所在，以及它在世界范围内的影响。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思10 Test3 Passage1阅读原文翻译

段落A

Travel has existed since the beginning of time,when primitive man set out,often traversing great distances in search of game,which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival.Throughout the course of history,people have travelled for purposes of trade,religious conviction,economic gain,war,migration and other equally compelling motivations.In the Roman era,wealthy aristocrats and high government officials also travelled for pleasure.Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome.Travel,except during the Dark Ages,has continued to grow and,throughout recorded history,has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies.

旅游自古就有。当时原始人动身走过漫漫长路搜寻生存所必须的，能够为他们提供食物和衣物的猎物。历史长河之中，人们出于贸易、宗教信仰、经历利益、战争、移民和其他同样引人注目的因素而出行。在罗马时代，富裕的贵族和高 级政府官员也乐在其中。位于庞贝和赫库兰尼姆的海滨度假胜地为市民提供休闲场所，从而避免罗马夏季的炎热。除黑暗时代之外，旅行持续增长。在有记录的历史中，旅行对文明及其经济的发展起到至关重要的作用。

段落B

Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon.Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation.The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel.This growth led to the development of a major new industry:tourism.In turn,international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of earning foreign exchange.

我们今天所熟知的大众旅游是一种二十世纪才有的现象。历史学家认为，随着中产阶级的崛起和相对便宜的交通的普及，大众旅游业开始在工业革命期间的英格兰出现。第二次世界大战之后商用航空产业的出现和随后20世纪50年代喷气式飞机的发明标志着国际旅游的迅速增长和扩张。这一增长导致了一种全新支柱产业的出现：旅游业。反过来，因为国际旅游业不仅提供新的就业机会，而且创造出一条赚取外汇的路径，它也成为众多国家政府所关注的问题。

段落C

Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance.In most industrialised countries over the past few years the fastest growth has been seen in the area of services.One of the largest segments of the service industry,although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries,is travel and tourism.According to the World Travel and Tourism Council(1992),Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment,employment and tax contributions’.In 1992,the industry’s gross output was estimated to be$3.5 trillion,over 12 per cent of all consumer spending.The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest employer with almost 130 million jobs,or almost 7 percent of all employees.This industry is the world’s leading industrial contributor,producing over 6 per cent of the world’s gross national product and accounting for capital investment in excess of$422 billion in direct,indirect and personal taxes cadi year.Thus,tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and,because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment,on society itself.

当今旅游业在经济和社会意义上都取得了显著增长。在过去的几年中，大多数工业化国家增长速度最快的就是服务业。虽然在其中一些国家并未作为实体行业而受到认可，但服务业最 大的组成部分之一正是旅游观光行业。根据世界旅行和旅游理事会(1992)的数据，无论以任何经济指标衡量(包括增值资本投资，就业和税收贡献等)，旅游观光业都是世界上最 大的产业。1992年，该行业的总产值估计为3.5万亿美元，占所有消费者支出的12%以上。旅游观光业是世界上最 大的雇主，提供近1.3亿个工作岗位，约占所有雇员的7%。这个行业还是领先的工业产值贡献者，占世界国民生产总值的6%以上。每年在直接，间接和个人税收中，其资本投资就超过4220亿美元。因此，旅游业不仅对世界经济拥有深远影响，而且由于旅行的教育作用和对就业的影响，它对社会本身也有举足轻重的意义。

段落D

However,the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden,or obscured,its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself.The travel industry includes:hotels,motels and other types of accommodation;restaurants and other food services;transportation services and facilities;amusements,attractions and other leisure facilities;gift shops and a large number of other enterprises.Since many of these businesses also serve local residents,the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated.In addition,Meis(1992)points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers.Moreover,in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional,national and global economics.However,the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development in a wide variety of countries,regions or communities.

然而，旅游观光业本身多样化和分散性的问题掩盖或模糊了其经济影响力。旅游产业包括：酒店，汽车旅馆和其他类型的住宿;餐厅和其他食品服务;交通运输服务和设施;娱乐、景点和其他休闲设施;礼品店等众多企业。由于这些企业中的还有许多为当地居民服务，因此游客的消费影响很容易被忽视或低估。此外，Meis(1992)指出，旅游产业所涉及到的一些概念无论是对分析师还是决策者来说都仍然十分模糊。在所有国家中，这一问题使得该产业很难开发出任何类型的可靠或可信的旅游信息数据库，以评估它对地区、国家，乃至全球经济的贡献。但是，正是这一多样性的本质使得旅游业成为众多国家、地区和社区进行经济发展的理想载体。

段落E

Once the exclusive province of the wealthy,travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population.In fact,McIntosh and Goeldner(1990)suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations and,for a significant number of other countries,it ranks second or third.For example,tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda,Greece,Italy,Spain,Switzerland and most Caribbean countries.In addition,Hawkins and Ritchie,quoting from data published by the American Express Company,suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas,Brazil,Canada,France,(the former)West Germany,Hong Kong,Italy,Jamaica,Japan,Singapore,the United Kingdom and the United States.However,because of problems of definition,which directly affect statistical measurement,it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise,valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact.In many cases,similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.

虽然旅游曾经是富裕阶层的专属领域，但它现在已经成为大多数人习以为常的生活方式。McIntosh和Goeldner(1990)指出，实际上，旅游业已成为许多国家国际贸易中最 大的商品，并在许多其他国家中排名第二或第三。例如，旅游是百慕大、希腊、意大利、西班牙、瑞士和大多数加勒比海国家的主要收入来源。此外，Hawkins和Ritchie引用美国运通公司(American Express Company)公布的数据称，旅游业是巴哈马、巴西、加拿大、法国、西德、香港、意大利、牙买加、日本、新加坡、英国和美国提供就业岗位最多的行业。但是，由于定义问题直接影响统计方法，因此无法在任何程度上确切给出世界范围内旅游业参与度及其经济影响的准确、有效或可靠数据。许多情况下，试图衡量国内旅游业时也会遇到类似的困难。

剑桥雅思10Test2阅读Passage3原文翻译Museums of fine arts and their public博物馆中艺术品的展示方式

剑桥雅思10阅读第二套题目第三篇文章的主题为博物馆中艺术品的展示方式。文章一共十一段，介绍了博物馆目前对原始版本的宣传，游客的体验方式，艺术作品与其他艺术形式的不同等内容。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思10 Test2 Passage3阅读原文翻译

第1段

One of the most famous works of art in the world is Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa.Nearly everyone who goes to see the original will already be familiar with it from reproductions,but they accept that fine art is more rewardingly viewed in its original form.

莱昂纳多·达·芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》是世界上最著 名的艺术品之一。几乎每个去看原始作品的人都已经从复制品中熟悉了它，但是他们认为观察艺术品的最初形式更为值得。

第2段

However,if Mona Lisa was a famous novel,few people would bother to go to a museum to read the writer’s actual manuscript rather than a printed reproduction.This might be explained by the fact that the novel has evolved precisely because of technological developments that made it possible to print out huge numbers of texts,whereas oil paintings have always been produced as unique objects.In addition,it could be argued that the practice of interpreting or‘reading’each medium follows different conventions.With novels,the reader attends mainly to the meaning of words rather than the way they are printed on the page,whereas the‘reader’of a painting must attend just as closely to the material form of marks and shapes in the picture as to any ideas they may signify.

但是，如果蒙娜丽莎是一本著 名的小说，很少有人会去博物馆文章来自老烤鸭雅思阅读作家的实际手稿而不是印刷品。这一现象可以由如下事实得到解释，正是由于技术发展使得印制大量的文本成为可能，小说才得以诞生，而油画一直都是被作为独特的物品被生产出来的。此外，也可以解释说，解读或者阅读每一种媒介的行为遵循着不同的传统。对于小说而言，读者主要关注单词的含义，而不是页面上的印刷方式，而画作的“阅读者”必须尽可能接近图片中的标记和形状的材料形式，以及它们可能暗示的任何想法。

第3段

Yet it has always been possible to make very accurate facsimiles of pretty well any fine art work.The seven surviving versions of Mona Lisa bear witness to the fact that in the 16th century,artists seemed perfectly content to assign the reproduction of their creations to their workshop apprentices as regular“bread and butter”work.And today the task of reproducing pictures is incomparably more simple and reliable,with reprographic techniques that allow the production of high-quality prints made exactly to the original scale,with faithful colour values,and even with duplication of the surface relief of the painting.

然而，任何精美的艺术品都可以做出十分准确的复制品。蒙娜·丽莎现存的七个版本证明了一个事实，即在16世纪，艺术家似乎很愿意将其作品的复制工作分配给他们工作室的学徒，作为他们常规的谋生手段。如今，复制图画的任务已经无比简单和可靠。影印技术可以制作出与原画比例完全一致的高品质复制品，色值可靠，甚至能再现图画表面的凹凸纹理。

第4段

But despite an implicit recognition that the spread of good reproductions can be culturally valuable,museums continue to promote the special status of original work.

但是尽管人们隐约意识到优 秀复制品的传播具有文化价值，博物馆仍在继续提升原始作品的特殊体位。

第5段

Unfortunately,this seems to place severe limitations on the kind of experience offered to visitors.

不幸的是，这似乎会对游客的体验带来严重的限制。

第6段

One limitation is related to the way the museum presents its exhibits.As repositories of unique historical objects,art museums are often called‘treasure houses’.We are reminded of this even before we view a collection by the presence of security guards,attendants,ropes and display cases to keep us away from the exhibits.In many cases,the architectural style of the building further reinforces that notion.In addition,a major collection like that of London’s National Gallery is housed in numerous rooms,each with dozens of works,any one of which is likely to be worth more than all the average visitor possesses.In a society that judges the personal status of the individual so much by their material worth,it is therefore difficult not to be impressed by one’s own relative‘worthlessness’in such an environment.

一种限制与博物馆展示其展品的方式有关。作为独特历史文物的仓库，美术馆通常被称为“宝库”。甚至在我们观看藏品之前，都会有保安、工作人员、绳索和展示柜在场，以确保我们远离展品。在许多情况下，建筑物的建筑风格进一步强化了这一概念。此外，像伦敦国家美术馆这样的地方，主要藏品被放在许多房间里，每个房间都有几十件作品，其中任何一件都可能比普通游客拥有的所有艺术品都值钱。在一个很大程度上根据个人的物质财富来判断其地位的社会中，这样的环境很难不让人产生自己一文不值的印象。

第7段

Furthermore,consideration of the‘Value’of the original work in its treasure house setting impresses upon the viewer that,since these works were originally produced,they have been assigned a huge monetary value by some person or institution more powerful than themselves.Evidently,nothing the viewer thinks about the work is going to alter that value,and so today’s viewer is deterred from trying to extend that spontaneous,immediate,self-reliant kind of reading which would originally have met the work.

此外，对原始作品在其宝库中“价值”的考虑更使参观者印象深刻。自从这些作品被生产出来以后，它们就被比参观者自己更为强大的人或机构赋予了巨大的货币价值。显然，观众对作品的想法并不会改变这一价值，因此今天的参观者不会像最初看到这些作品的人那样，试图进行那种无意识的、即时的、自主的解读。

第8段

The visitor may then be struck by the strangeness of seeing such diverse paintings,drawings and sculptures brought together in an environment for which they were not originally created.This‘displacement effect’is further heightened by the sheer volume of exhibits.In the case of a major collection,there are probably more works on display than we could realistically view in weeks or even months.

随后，参观者在最初并非为其创作的环境中看到如此多姿多彩的绘画、素描和雕塑可能会产生一种陌生感。庞大的展品数量进一步加深了这种“位移效果”。对于大型展馆而言，展出的作品可能比我们在几周甚至几个月内实际看到的更多。

第9段

This is particularly distressing because time seems to be a vital factor in the appreciation of all art forms.A fundamental difference between paintings and other art forms is that there is no prescribed time over which a painting is viewed.By contrast,the audience encounters an opera or a play over a specific time,which is the duration of the performance.Similarly,novels and poems are read in a prescribed temporal sequence,whereas a picture has no clear place at which to start viewings or at which to finish.Thus art works themselves encourage us to view them superficially,without appreciating the richness of detail and labour that is involved.

这一点尤其令人不安，因为时间似乎是欣赏所有艺术形式的重要因素。绘画与其他艺术形式之间根本区别在于，欣赏一幅画作并没有固定的时间。相比之下，观众在特定的时间(即表演的持续时间)内观看歌剧或戏剧。同样，小说和诗歌也需要按照规定的时间顺序阅读。而画作则没有清晰的开始欣赏或结束欣赏的位置。因此，艺术作品本身促使我们肤浅地看待它们，而无法欣赏其细节的丰富性和包含的劳动。

第10段

Consequently,the dominant critical approach becomes that of the art historian,a specialised academic approach devoted to‘discovering the meaning’of art within the cultural context of its time.This is in perfect harmony with the museum’s function,since the approach is dedicated to seeking out and conserving‘authentic’,‘original’readings of the exhibits.Again,this seems to put paid to that spontaneous,participatory criticism which can be found in abundance in criticism of classic works of literature,but is absent from most art history.

因此，占主导地位的批判方法变成了艺术史学家的专属。这是一种专门的学术方法，致力于在其时代的文化背景下“发现艺术的意义”。这与博物馆的功能十分协调，因为这种方法专注于寻找和保存展品“真实”、“原始”的解读。同样，这似乎弥补了那种自发的、参与性的批评。这种批评大量出现在对经典文学作品的评论中，但是在多数艺术史中却是缺失的。

第11段

The displays of art museums serve as a warning of what critical practices can emerge when spontaneous criticism is suppressed.The museum public,like any other audience,experience art more rewardingly when given the confidence to express their views.If appropriate works of fine art could be rendered permanently accessible to the public by means of high-fidelity reproductions,as literature and music already are,the public may feel somewhat less in awe of them.Unfortunately,that may be too much to ask from those who seek to maintain and control the art establishment.

美术馆的陈列可以警醒人们，当压制自发评论时，会出现什么样的评判行为。博物馆公众与其他观众一样，只要被给予表达自己看法的自信，就可以更加有益地享受艺术。如果通过高保真的复制品，使大众一直可以接触到优 秀的艺术作品，就像文学和音乐已经做到的那样，那么人们对它们就会少一些敬畏。对于那些希望维持和控制艺术领域的人来说，这一要求可能太过分了。

剑桥雅思10Test2阅读Passage1原文翻译Tea and the Industrial Revolution茶与工业革命

剑桥雅思10阅读第二套题目第 一篇文章的主题为茶与工业革命。文章一共8段，分别介绍了工业革命发生的时间和地点，所需要的条件，茶和啤酒的关键作用，人口迅速增加的原因，英国人饮品习惯的改变，日本的情况等。下面是具体每一段的答案解析。

剑桥雅思10 Test2 Passage1阅读原文翻译

段落A

Alan Macfarlane,professor of anthropological science at Kings College,Cambridge,has,like other historians,spent decades wrestling with the enigma of the Industrial Revolution.Why did this particular Big Bang–the world-changing birth of industry–happen in Britain?And why did it strike at the end of the 18th century?

剑桥大学国王学院的人类学教授艾伦·麦克法兰，也像其他史学家一样，数十年来一直致力于探索工业革命之谜。为什么这种特殊的“大爆炸”(改变世界的工业的诞生)在英国发生?为什么它在18世纪末出现?

段落B

B Macfarlane compares the puzzle to a combination lock,‘There are about 20 different factors and all of them need to be present before the revolution can happen,’he says.For industry to take off,there needs to be the technology and power to drive factories,large urban populations to provide cheap labour,easy transport to move goods around,an affluent middle-class willing to buy mass-produced objects,a market-driven economy and a political system that allows this to happen.While this was the case for England,other nations,such as Japan,the Netherlands and France also met some of these criteria but were not industrialising.‘All these factors must have been necessary but not sufficient to cause the revolution,’says Macfarlane.‘After all,Holland had everything except coal,while China also had many of these factors.Most historians are convinced there are one or two missing factors that you need to open the lock.’

麦克法伦将这一谜题与密码锁相比较，他说：“大约有20种不同的因素。而在革命发生之前，所有这些因素都必须存在”。为了使工业腾飞，需要文章来自老烤鸭雅思有技术和动力来驱动工厂，大量的城市人口提供廉价劳动力，便利的交通系统方便货物运输，富裕的中产阶级愿意购买大量生产的物品，以及市场驱动的经济和允许这种情况发生的政治制度。虽然英国就是这种情况，但日本，荷兰和法国等其他国家也符合其中一些标准，不过它们并未实现工业化。“所有这些因素都十分必要，但并不足以引发革命”，麦克法兰说，“毕竟，荷兰拥有除了煤炭之外的一切条件，而中国也有许多因素。大多数历史学家相信，解开谜题仍然缺失一两个因素。”

段落C

The missing factors,he proposes,are to be found in almost every kitchen cupboard.Tea and beer,two of the nation’s favourite drinks,fuelled the revolution.The antiseptic properties of tannin,the active ingredient in tea,and of hops in beer–plus the fact that both are made with boiled water–allowed urban communities to flourish at close quarters without succumbing to water-borne diseases such as dysentery.The theory sounds eccentric but once he starts to explain the detective work that went into his deduction,the scepticism gives way to wary admiration.Macfarlane’s case has been strengthened by support from notable quarters–Roy Porter,the distinguished medical historian,recently wrote a favourable appraisal of his research.

他提出，我们可以在每家每户的橱柜中发现缺失的因素。茶和啤酒是该国受欢迎的两种饮料。它们推动了这场革命。茶中的活性成分单宁和啤酒中啤酒花的防腐特性-以及二者均用开水制成的事实-使城市社区能够在狭小的范围内蓬勃发展，而不会屈从于痢疾等水源性疾病。这个理论听起来有些古怪，但是一旦他开始解释具体的推理过程，这种怀疑就让位于钦佩。麦克法兰的说法得到其他著 名学者的支持-罗伊·波特，著 名医学历史学家，最近赞扬了他的研究。

段落D

Macfarlane had wondered for a long time how the Industrial Revolution came about.Historians had alighted on one interesting factor around the mid-18th century that required explanation.Between about 1650 and 1740,the population in Britain was static.But then there was a burst in population growth.Macfarlane says:‘The infant mortality rate halved in the space of 20 years,and this happened in both rural areas and cities,and across all classes.People suggested four possible causes.Was there a sudden change in the viruses and bacteria around?Unlikely.Was there a revolution in medical science?But this was a century before Listers revolution*.Was there a change in environmental conditions?There were improvements in agriculture that wiped out malaria,but these were small gains.Sanitation did not become widespread until the 19th century.The only option left:is food.But the height and weight statistics show a decline.So the food must have got worse.Efforts to explain this sudden reduction in child deaths appeared to draw a blank.’

很久以来，麦克法伦一直想知道工业革命是如何发生的。历史学家在18世纪中叶发现了一个有趣的需要解释的因素。大约在1650年和1740年之间，英国人口保持静止不变。但随后其人口突然经历爆发性的增长。麦克法伦说：“婴儿死亡率在20年内减少了一半，这在农村和城市以及所有阶层中都发生了。人们提出四个可能的原因。是因为周围的病毒和细菌突然发生了变化吗?不太可能。医学界发生了革命吗?但这距离李斯特斯革命还有一个世纪的时间。环境条件有变化吗?农业方面确实有所提升消除了疟疾。但这些都是微不足道的改进。直到19世纪，卫生设施才开始普及。剩下的选择只有食物了。但是身高和体重的统计数据反而有所下降。所以食物肯定变糟了。解释这种儿童死亡人数突然减少的努力似乎一无所获。

段落E

This population burst seemed to happen at just the right time to provide labour for the Industrial Revolution.‘When you start moving towards an industrial revolution,it is economically efficient to have people living close together,’says Macfarlane.‘But then you get disease,particularly from human waste.’Some digging around in historical records revealed that there was a change in the incidence of water-borne disease at that time,especially dysentery.Macfarlane deduced that whatever the British were drinking must have been important in regulating disease.He says,‘We drank beer.For a long time,the English were protected by the strong antibacterial agent in hops,which were added to help preserve the beer.But in the late 17th century a tax was introduced on malt,the basic ingredient of beer.The poor turned to water and gin and in the 1720s the mortality rate began to rise again.Then it suddenly dropped again.What caused this?’

人口爆炸似乎恰好发生在为工业革命提供劳动力的时候。麦克法伦说：“当你开始进行工业革命时，人们住在一起可以实现经济上的高效率。但是那样你就会染上疾病，尤其是那些来自人类废弃物的疾病。”历史记录中的一些发现表明，当时水生疾病(尤其是痢疾)的发病率有所变化。麦克法兰推断，无论英国人当时喝什么东西，它对疾病控制一定十分重要。他说：“我们喝啤酒。长期以来，英国人受到啤酒花中强力抗菌剂的保护。它被添加以帮助保存啤酒。但是在17世纪后期，对啤酒的基本成分麦芽开始征税。穷人转向喝水和杜松子酒，在18世纪20年代，死亡率再次开始上升。然后却突然又下降了。是什么原因造成的呢?

段落F

Macfarlane looked to Japan,which was also developing large cities about the same time,and also had no sanitation.Water-borne diseases had a much looser grip on the Japanese population than those in Britain.Could it be the prevalence of tea in their culture?Macfarlane then noted that the history of tea in Britain provided an extraordinary coincidence of dates.Tea was relatively expensive until Britain started a direct clipper trade with China in the early 18th century.By the 1740s,about the time that infant mortality was dipping,the drink was common.Macfarlane guessed that the fact that water had to be boiled,together with the stomach-purifying properties of tea meant that the breast milk provided by mothers was healthier than it had ever been.No other European nation sipped tea like the British,which,by Macfarlane’s logic,pushed these other countries out of contention for the revolution.

麦克法兰将目光转向日本。日本在同一时间也出现了大型城市，而且也没有卫生设施。与英国相比，水生疾病对日本人口的影响要小很多。难道是因为他们文化中所盛行的茶吗?麦克法兰随后注意到，英国茶饮的历史提供了非同寻常的时间巧合。在18世纪初期英国开始与中国进行直接快船贸易之前，茶叶相对昂贵。到了18世纪40年代，大约在婴儿死亡率下降的时候，这种饮料就很普遍了。麦克法兰猜测，必须将水煮沸，再加上茶具有净化胃的特性，使得母亲提供的母乳比以往任何时候都更健康。没有其他欧洲国家像英国人那样饮茶。按照麦克法伦的逻辑，正是这一因素使得其他国家丧失了革命的机会。

段落G

But,if tea is a factor in the combination lock,why didn’t Japan forge ahead in a tea-soaked industrial revolution of its own?Macfarlane notes that even though 17th-century Japan had large cities,high literacy rates,even a futures market,it had turned its back on the essence of any work-based revolution by giving up labour-saving devices such as animals,afraid that they would put people out of work.So,the nation that we now think of as one of the most technologically advanced entered the 19th century having‘abandoned the wheel’.

但是，如果茶是解开谜题的因素，那么为什么日本没有率先在茶起重要作用的工业革命中取得进展呢?麦克法兰指出，即使17世纪的日本拥有大型城市，较高的识字率，甚至是期货市场，但它因担心失业，而放弃了诸如动物这样节省劳动力的装置，从而违背了以工作实践为基础的革命的核心。因此，我们如今认为的作为技术先进的国家之一的日本在进入19世纪的时候放弃了革命的机会。

剑桥雅思10Test1阅读Passage3原文翻译The psychology of innovation创新的心理

剑桥雅思10阅读第 一套题目第三篇文章的主题为创新的心理机制。文章一共11段，分别介绍了价值观契合，内部合作，社会认同，减少规则等方式在鼓励创新方面的作用。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思10 Test1 Passage3阅读原文翻译

第1段

Innovation is key to business survival,and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas.There are,nevertheless,people working in luxurious,state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesn’t make them feel at all creative.And there are those who don’t have a budget,or much space,but who innovate successfully.

创新是商业赖以生存的关键，公司将大量的资源用于激励员工提出新想法。但是，仍然有那么一些人虽然在豪华、先进、并以刺激创新为目的而设计的中心工作，却觉得环境一点也没有让他们感到有创造的动力。也有一些人虽然没有充足的预算，或者足够的空间，却成功地实现了创新。

第2段

For Robert B.Cialdini,Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University,one reason that companies don’t succeed as often as they should is that Innovation starts with recruitment.Research shows that the fit between an employee’s values and a company’s values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether,two years after they join,they’re still at the company.Studies at Harvard Business School show that,although some individuals may be more creative than others,almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances.

对于亚利桑那州立大学心理学教授Robert B.Cialdini而言，公司未能获得应有的成功的原因之一在于创新始于招聘。研究表明，员工价值观与公司价值观之间的契合度会影响他们做出的贡献以及加入两年后是否仍在该公司工作。哈佛商学院的研究表明，尽管某些人可能比其他人更具创造力，但几乎每个人都可以在适当的情况下发挥创造力。

第3段

One of the most famous photographs in the story of rock’n’roll emphasises Cialdini’s views.The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley,Carl Perkins,Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story.Sun’s‘million-dollar quartet’could have been a quintet.Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison,a greater natural singer than Lewis,Perkins or Cash.Sam Phillips,who owned Sun,wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music,and country and blues.Presley,Cash,Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillips’s ambition and believed in it.Orbison wasn’t inspired by the goal,and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label.

一张摇滚故事中最著 名的照片印证了Cialdini的观点。这张1956年，歌手Elvis Presley，Carl Perkins，Johnny Cash和Jerry Lee Lewis在孟菲斯Sun Studios的照片讲述了一个隐藏的故事。Sun的“百万美元四重奏”本来可以说是五重奏。照片中缺少的是Roy Orbison，一个比Lewis，Perkins或Cash更有天赋的歌手。拥有Sun的Sam Phillips希望通过融合黑白音乐，乡村音乐和布鲁斯音乐来革新流行音乐。Presley，Cash，Perkins和Lewis本能地理解Phillips的抱负，并对此抱有信心。而Orbison则没有受到这一目标的启发，只在唱片公司进行了一次演出。

第4段

The value fit matters,says Cialdini,because innovation is,in part,a process of change,and under that pressure we,as a species,behave differently,‘When things change,we are hard-wired to play it safe.’Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counterintuitive­—they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity.Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward.

Cialdini说，价值观的契合很重要，因为创新在某种程度上是变革的过程，在这种压力下，作为一个物种，我们的行为方式有所不同，“当事情发生变化时，我们本能地想要安全行事。”因此，管理者应该采用一种看起来违反直觉的方法-他们应该阐明如果公司未能抓住特定机会将会损失什么。研究表明，在遭受损失威胁时，我们总是会比面对奖励时更多地进行赌博。

第5段

管理创新是一门精致的艺术。由于市场营销，产品开发和财务部门各自从不同的人员那里获得不同的反馈，因此很容易将公司拉向相互矛盾的方向。而且，如果没有确保公司内部协作交流的系统，小型“创新项目”也很容易消失。创新是一种需要沟通的活动。你不能仅仅通过说：“我们正在朝这个方向前进，而你将跟我一起”来说服别人。

Managing innovation is a delicate art.It’s easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing,product development,and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people.And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company,it’s also easy for small‘pockets of innovation’to disappear.Innovation is a contact sport.You can’t brief people just by saying,‘We’re going in this direction and I’m going to take you with me.’

第6段

Cialdini believes that this‘follow-the-leader syndrome,is dangerous,not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone.‘It’s been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems,even if that one person is the smartest person in the field.’To prove his point,Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson.Watson,together with Francis Crick,discovered the structure of DNA,the genetic information carrier of all living organisms.‘When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators,he said something that stunned me.He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they weren’t the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer.The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who,Watson said,“was so intelligent she rarely sought advice”.’

Cialdini认为，这种“跟随领导综合症”是危险的，不仅仅因为它鼓励老板一意孤行。“科学证明，即使一个人是该领域最聪明的人，三个人在解决问题上也会比一个人更好。”为了证明他的观点，Cialdini引用了分子生物学家James Watson(詹姆斯·沃森)的采访。沃森与弗朗西斯·克里克(Francis Crick)一起发现了DNA的结构，DNA是所有活着的生物体的遗传信息载体。当被问及他们是如何领先众多高水平的竞争者破解密码时，他说了一些令我震惊的东西。他说，他和克里克之所以成功，是因为他们意识到自己并不是追求答案的最聪明的科学家。沃森说，最聪明的科学家叫罗莎琳德·富兰克林(Rosalind Franklin)，“他非常聪明，以至于很少寻求他人的建议”。

第7段

Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behaviour.‘The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we don’t even recognise it,’says Cialdini.‘If your project is being resisted,for example,by a group of veteran employees,ask another old-timer to speak up for it.’Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy.Research shows that peer power,used horizontally not vertically,is much more powerful than any boss’s speech.

团队合作是人类行为的基本动力之一。Cialdini说：“社会认同的原则是如此普遍，以至于我们甚至都没有意识到。”“例如，如果你的项目遭到一群资 深员工的抵制，那就争取另一位老员工的支持。”并非只有Cialdini提倡这种策略。研究表明，水平而非垂直使用的同事权力比任何老板的讲话都强大得多。

第8段

Writing,visualising and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas.Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individual’s engagement in the project.It is,he says,the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying,in no more than 10 words:‘I like Kellogg’s Corn Flakes because….’The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it.

写作，想象和原型设计都可以激发新想法。Cialdini引用了许多研究论文和历史事件，证明即使是像写作这样简单的事情也能加深每个人对项目的参与。他说，这就是为什么所有那些早餐麦片包装比赛都鼓励我们用不超过10个词来书写：“我喜欢凯洛格的玉米片是因为……”。写作这一行为使我们更有可能相信它。

第9段

Authority doesn’t have to inhibit innovation but it often does.The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls‘captainitis,the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly theirs’.He calls it captainitis because,he says,‘crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision’.This behaviour is not,he says,unique to air travel,but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing.

权威并不一定抑制创新，但却经常如此。错误的领导方式会导致Cialdini称为captainitis的现象。即团队成员推卸本属于他们责任的遗憾趋势。他称之为captainitis是因为“当机长做出错误的决定时，多飞行员的飞机机组有时会表现出一种致命的被动性”。他说，这种行为并非航空业所独有，可能在任何领 导者过于专制的工作场所中发生。

第10段

At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective,a group of young designers for whom‘the only rule was that there were no rules’.This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas,which led to more creativity with form,function,colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design.

与之相反的情况是20世纪80年代孟菲斯的设计团队。这是一群年轻的设计师，他们“唯 一的规则是没有规则”。这种环境鼓励思想的自由交流，从而在形式，功能，颜色和材料方面带来了更多的创造性，进而彻底改变了家具设计的理念。

第11段

Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind,taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due.Cialdini says:‘Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention.’The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches,but no magic formula.However,a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.

许多理论家认为，理想的老板应该在幕后领导，以集体成就为荣，并在适当的时候给予赞扬。Cialdini说：“领导应鼓励每个人做出贡献，同时向所有有关方面保证，每一项建议对于做出正确决定都是重要的，并将得到充分重视。”令人沮丧的是，创新有很多方法，但不存在神奇的公式。然而，通过认识到这些心理层面的事实，想要创造真正创新文化的经理可以让自己的工作变得轻松许多。

剑桥雅思10Test1阅读Passage2原文翻译Gifted children and learning天才儿童与学习

剑桥雅思10阅读第 一套题目第二篇文章的主题为天才儿童与学习。文章分为6段，分别介绍了儿童智力的测试方法，如果适当的学习方法促进学习，高成就者善于使用学习策略，过多知道会影响儿童的自主性，一些特质对专业领域的学习作用很大，以及情绪对学习的影响等。下面是具体题每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思10 Test2 Passage2阅读原文翻译

段落A

Internationally,‘giftedness’is most frequently determined by a score on a general intelligence test,known as an IQ test,which is above a chosen cutoff point,usually at around the top 2-5%.Children’s educational environment contributes to the IQ score and the way intelligence is used.For example,a very close positive relationship was found when children’s IQ scores were compared with their home educational provision(Freeman,2010).The higher the children’s IQ scores,especially over IQ 130,the better the quality of their educational backup,measured in terms of reported verbal interactions with parents,number of books and activities in their home etc.Because IQ tests are decidedly influenced by what the child has learned,they are to some extent measures of current achievement based on age-norms;that is,how well the children have learned to manipulate their knowledge and know-how within the terms of the test.The vocabulary aspect,for example,is dependent on having heard those words.But IQ tests can neither identify the processes of learning and thinking nor predict creativity.

国际上，“天才”通常由一般智商测验(即智商测验)的分数来确定。他们的分数高于选定的分界点，通常在最 高的2-5%左右。儿童的教育环境有助于提高智商和智力的使用方式。例如，研究发现孩子的智商与其家庭教育存在十分紧密的正向联系(Freeman，2010)。儿童智商越高，尤其是在130以上的时候，其家庭教育背景的质量越好。该质量由家庭中与父母之间的语言互动，图书数量，以及各项活动决定。因为智商测试一定会受到孩子所学知识的影响，所以它们在某种程度上是根据年龄状况衡量当前成就的标准;也就是说，孩子们在测试条件下能够多好的利用所学到的知识和道理。例如，词汇方面就取决于是否听到过这些单词。但是智商测试既不能识别学习和思考的过程，也不能预测创造力。

段落B

Excellence does not emerge without appropriate help.To reach an exceptionally high standard in any area very able children need the means to learn,which includes material to work with and focused challenging tuition-and the encouragement to follow their dream.There appears to be a qualitative difference in the way the intellectually highly able think,compared with more average-ability or older pupils,for whom external regulation by the teacher often compensates for lack of internal regulation.To be at their most effective in their self-regulation,all children can be helped to identify their own ways of learning–metacognition–which will include strategies of planning,monitoring,evaluation,and choice of what to learn.Emotional awareness is also part of metacognition,so children should be helped to be aware of their feelings around the area to be learned,feelings of curiosity or confidence,for example.

没有适当的帮助，卓越就不会出现。要在任何领域达到极高的水平，即便是非常有能力的孩子也需要学习方法，这包括练习材料和集中的有挑战的教学，以及对他们追求梦想的鼓励。与能力一般或者年龄较大的学生相比，智力较高的人的思维方式似乎存在质的差异。对于前者来说，老师所施加的外部管理会弥补内在管理的缺失。为了最有效地进行自我管理，可以帮助所有孩子寻找他们自己的学习方式(元认知)，这包括计划、监督、评价以及选择学习内容的策略。情绪意识也是元认知的一部分。所以应该帮助儿童了解他们在学习领域中的感受，如好奇心或者自信心等。

段落C

High achievers have been found to use self-regulatory learning strategies more often and more effectively than lower achievers,and are better able to transfer these strategies to deal with unfamiliar tasks.This happens to such a high degree in some children that they appear to be demonstrating talent in particular areas.Overviewing research on the thinking process of highly able children,(Shore and Kanevsky,1993)put the instructor’s problem succinctly:‘If they[the gifted]merely think more quickly,then we need only teach more quickly.If they merely make fewer errors,then we can shorten the practice’.But of course,this is not entirely the case;adjustments have to be made in methods of learning and teaching,to take account of the many ways individuals think.

研究发现，高成就者与低成就者相比，会更频繁、更有效地使用自我调节的学习策略，并能够更好地将这些策略应用于处理不熟悉的任务。在一些儿童中，这种情况出现的程度很高，以至于他们似乎在特定的领域展现出天赋。对高能儿童思维过程研究的概述将老师的问题简明的表述了出来，“如果有天赋的孩子只是思考的更快，那么我们也只需要教的更快就好。如果他们只是更少犯错，那么我们就可以缩短练习的时间”。但当然，事实并非完全如此。考虑到个体思维的多种方式，学习和教学方法必须有所调整。

段落D

Yet in order to learn by themselves,the gifted do need some support from their teachers.Conversely,teachers who have a tendency to‘overdirect’can diminish their gifted pupils’learning autonomy.Although‘spoon-feeding’,can produce extremely high examination results,these are not always followed by equally impressive life successes.Too much dependence on the teacher risks loss of autonomy and motivation to discover.However,when teachers help pupils to reflect on their own learning and thinking activities,they increase their pupils’self-regulation.For a young child,it may be just the simple question‘What have you learned today?’which helps them to recognise what they are doing.Given that a fundamental goal of education is to transfer the control of learning from teachers to pupils,improving pupils’learning to learn techniques should be a major outcome of the school experience,especially for the highly competent.There are quite a number of new methods which can help,such as child-initiated learning,ability-peer tutoring,etc.Such practices have been found to be particularly useful for bright children from deprived areas.

然而，即便是自学，有天赋的人也仍然需要一些来自老师的帮助。相反，喜欢过度指导的老师会消除他们有天赋的学生的学习自主性。虽然填鸭式教育能够产生极高的考试分数，但它们并非总是伴随着同样令人印象深刻的人生成功。对老师的过度依赖可能会有失去自主和发现动力的风险。但是，当老师帮助学生反思自己的学习和思考活动时，他们会增强学生的自我调节能力。对于年龄尚小的孩子来说，这可能只是一个简单的问题：“你今天学到了什么?”这有助于他们认识自己在做什么。鉴于教育的基本目标是将学习的控制权从教师转移给学生，提高学生的学习技能应该是学校经历的主要成果，特别是对于能力较强的学生来说。有许多新方法可以提供帮助，例如由孩子发起学习，有能力的同伴进行辅导等。研究发现这种做法对来自贫困地区的聪明孩子特别有用。

段落E

But scientific progress is not all theoretical,knowledge is also vital to outstanding performance:individuals who know a great deal about a specific domain will achieve at a higher level than those who do not(Elshout,1995).Research with creative scientists by Simonton(1988)brought him to the conclusion that above a certain high level,characteristics such as independence seemed to contribute more to reaching the highest levels of expertise than intellectual skills,due to the great demands of effort and time needed for learning and practice.Creativity in all forms can be seen as expertise mixed with a high level of motivation(Weisberg,1993).

但是，科学进步并不全是理论上的，知识对于出色的表现也至关重要：对某个特定领域了解很多的人比不了解该领域的人取得的成就更高(Elshout，1995)。Simonton与创新科学家进行的研究让他得出以下结论，在特定水平之上，由于学习和练习所需要的大量时间与精力，诸如独立一类的性格似乎比智力技能更有助于达到专业的最 高水平。研究与创新的科学家由西蒙顿(1988年)，为他带来了这样的结论：超过一定水平高，等特点，独立性似乎有助于更达不到智力技能专长的最 高水平，因为需要时间和精力的巨大需求学习和练习。各种形式的创造力都可以看作是专业与高层次动力的混合。

段落F

To sum up,learning is affected by emotions of both the individual and significant others.Positive emotions facilitate the creative aspects of learning and negative emotions inhibit it.Fear,for example,can limit the development of curiosity,which is a strong force in scientific advance,because it motivates problem-solving behaviour.In Boekaerts’(1991)review of emotion in the learning of very high IQ and highly achieving children,she found emotional forces in harness.They were not only curious,but often had a strong desire to control their environment,improve their learning efficiency,and increase their own learning resources.

总的来说，学习受到个体与他人的影响。积极情绪促进学习的创造性，而消极情绪则会抑制它。例如，恐惧会限制好奇心的发展，而好奇心是科学发展的强大力量，因为它激发解决问题的行为。在Boekaerts(1991)对高智商和成就卓越的孩子的学习情绪的回顾中，她发现情绪的力量可以驾驭。他们不仅好奇，而且常常渴望控制环境，提高学习效率并增加自己的学习资源。