雅思有几篇阅读理解

刚刚接触雅思考试的同学可能会好奇自己究竟需要做几篇阅读理解。今天小编就给大家来解答一下这个问题。

雅思考试中的阅读理解一共有三篇。虽然数量上比不过我们比较熟悉的中考、高考和大学英语四六级。但雅思阅读在长度上完胜对方。一般来说，大学英语四级的文章长度在300-400词之间（除了第 一篇之外），而雅思阅读的字数一般都控制在800-1000，是对方的两倍还多。所以如何在一个小时内看完所有文章并完成相应的题目就成了雅思阅读最 大的难点（雅思阅读时间分配怎么才合理）。

题目数量方面，雅思阅读一共40道题，一般来说，第 一篇文章都是13道，后面两篇文章究竟谁是13道、谁是14道并无定论，还要看具体考试的安排。

题型方面，除了我们比较熟悉的句子填空、单项选择和多项选择之外，雅思阅读还会考察段落标题匹配题，段落信息匹配题，人物观点或年代信息匹配题，句子匹配题，判断题，简答题，流程图题和图例题等（雅思阅读题目顺序如何快速定位答案）。题型极为杂乱，甚至还有可能在某次考试中突然出现新的题型，吓大家一跳。不过不管题型多么多样，其考察的本质都是同义替换和逻辑上的干扰项。所以只要能力到了，并不怎么需要担心。

雅思1000问答系列：雅思考完阅读要交卷嘛

“老师，我的阅读做的太慢了，我想问一下我可不可以做写作的时候回去再看看阅读，考完雅思阅读是不是要交卷？谢谢！”

答：需要交卷。

1.雅思考试笔试阶段，有两三个交卷的时刻，和两个交答题卡的时刻。

2.三个交卷的时刻分别为：a.听力做完之后，听力卷子上交给监考老师。b.阅读做完，阅读的卷子上交给监考老师。c.写作做完，写作的试题也需要交给老师

两个交答题卡的时刻分别为：a.在做完阅读题之后，上交听力和阅读的答题卡（听力和阅读答题卡在一张纸上）b.写作做完了，也就是考试最终结束的时候，监考老师会收雅思写作的答题卡。

3.所以，考场上，并不能在做写作的时候查看并修改阅读的题目，因为阅读题卡已经上交了。

解决办法：建议同学们在日常练习阅读的时候就给自己定个时间（雅思阅读要多长时间）。等自己单位时间内做题的速度起来之后就不用担心如上的问题了。

以上就是关于“雅思考完阅读要交卷嘛”的问题答疑，希望能够帮助到更多的雅思考生们。更多有关雅思备考等内容，欢迎关注公众号获取备考资料和资讯。

雅思笔试阅读结束时间

尚未参加过雅思考试，正在紧张备考的同学可能会好奇，在真正的雅思笔试中，阅读究竟是在什么时间结束。今天小编就跟大家来聊聊这个问题。

首先，虽然雅思阅读有明确的时间限制，需要在60分钟内完成3篇文章40道题目。但其开始和结束的具体时间雅思官方却没有说明。在实际的考试操作中，这一时间往往把握在监考老师手里。

通常来说，一场雅思考试中，听力会在9点40左右结束（雅思考试听力几点开始雅思听力持续多长时间）。然后监考老师会收走听力试卷，要求大家将答题卡翻面，填写各项个人信息；然后分发阅读试卷，要求大家在试卷封面写上自己的名字和考号，并特意嘱咐不准打开试卷封皮，否则的话被会当作违纪处理。

在所有准备工作完成之后，就到了比较有意思的地方。大家在考场上会发现监考老师死死盯着教室里钟表的秒针，等它刚刚转到60的时候宣布考试开始。并在黑板上写下当时的时间，比如9点51分。在下面还会依次写上其他几个监考老师会提醒的时间点，如离考试结束还有15分钟，10分钟，5分钟等。

虽然雅思笔试阅读结束的具体时间不那么确定，但只要考场上没有发生什么意外（听力考试的时候音频播放设备出现故障），一般都会控制在9点50左右，以便整个雅思笔试在大约12点的时候可以彻底结束。

雅思1000问答系列：雅思6分阅读能错几个

“我刚做完了一套《剑15》的阅读题目，但是找不到分数对照。请问，如果雅思阅读要打6分的话，错几个以内才有这个分数？谢谢！”

回答：6分雅思阅读的错误数量视情况而定：

1.如果你参加的是A类（学术类）雅思考试的话，那么要想达到6.0分的阅读分数需要答对23-26道题目。也就是说，总共40道阅读题目里，你最多可以错17个，这样才有阅读六分。

2.如果要参加的是G类雅思，那么阅读的容错率会更低一些。要想达到雅思阅读6分，你最多只能错10个。也就是说，四十道题目中，你必须答对30-31个题目才有六分。

如果需要查看完整的正确题目个数与分数的对照，可以参考《雅思阅读分数对照表》了解详细的判分情况。

以上就是关于“雅思6分阅读能错几个”的问题答疑，更多有关雅思听说读写等的备考内容请访问官网的各个版块进行深入学习，也可以关注微信公众号获取备考资料和资讯。祝大家雅思备考顺利！

如何提升雅思阅读正确率

除了做不完之外，雅思阅读最让人痛苦的就是正确率的问题了。有些同学填空题错的比较多，有些同学选择题错的比较多，还有的同学True/False/Not given认真做还不如蒙的正确率高，也有的同学匹配题根本就不会对。那么如何才能改善这种情况呢？今天我们先不说具体题目的做法，而是单纯的谈谈怎么做才能整体提升雅思阅读正确率。

在小编看来，要提升雅思阅读正确率主要要靠认真做题和事后总结这两点。

所谓认真做题，并不是说大家要把所有不认识的单词都查出来，或者把每个句子都翻译一下。而是指大家无论面对的是什么题型，在选择答案的时候一定要能说出原因来。哪怕是蒙，也要想想为什么蒙某个选项或者单词，而不是另外一个。在心里逐渐建立起自己的一套解题体系。然后在每次遇到相同题目的时候都去验证。

所谓事后总结，主要是指对照答案，看自己之前总结的那套解题方法合不合适，是否能够做对题目。如果答案正确，就增加一份信心，确保自己在考试的时候也会这样子做。如果答案错误，则要想想为什么错了。自己之前思考的东西和答案所给的思路有什么不同，究竟错在哪里。然后对自己的做题方法进行修正。

长此以往，大家雅思阅读的正确率一定会有提升。千万不要做完就算了，对也不知道为什么对，错也不知道为什么错。那样子很容易陷入瓶颈，无法进步。

虽然雅思致力于考察大家的真实英语水平，但既然是考试就总有其套路存在，尤其是在阅读和听力这两门客观题上。今天小编就给大家分享一些雅思阅读的小贴士，只要各位烤鸭掌握了它们，短期内提升雅思阅读成绩不是梦。

1不要通读整篇文章。要训练自己浏览文段并注意特定细节的能力。在你看完一遍文章之后，你只需要知道每段话在讲什么，其主旨是什么。这种阅读方式可以节省你大量宝贵的时间。

2注意时间。不要把60分钟平均分配到三篇文章上。因为最后一篇文章总是最难得，对于大多数烤鸭而言，很难在20分钟内完成。因此，小编建议大家以15-20-25这样的模式来进行。

3不要忘记把答案抄到答题卡上。在做题过程中，各位烤鸭当然可以在试卷上写写画画，但是这并不得分。而且雅思阅读没有听力那么一段特意留来写答题卡的时间。

4如果各位烤鸭在做题的时候找不到某个题目的答案，请不要卡在这里，标出一个大大的问号就好。完成其他题目后，你可以再回来看。否则的话会极大耽误各位的做题时间。

5注意题目要求里的字数限制。不符合字数限制一定会算错误。

6平时练习对完答案之后，一定要思考自己为什么做错了，下次如何避免同样的错误。不要做完之后就放到一边。这样子没有丝毫提高。

雅思1000问答系列：能阅读经济学人能考雅思几分读起来难吗?

答：视情况而定：

1.《经济学人》（The Economist）是一本非常适合练习阅读能力的外刊读物，它包含了很多当今的时讯，所涉及题材也与部分雅思阅读内容贴近。

2.阅读经济学人之前你得掌握一定量的英文词汇，起码需要有大学四级到六级的词汇量才能靠着词典慢慢读懂文章内容。如果你目前还处于《GSL词汇》的积累中，建议你可以先缓一缓，等词汇语法好点了再上手不迟。

3.如果你能够顺畅读完经济学人，而且是在规定的时间范围内（比如网站上有提示建议多少分钟读完），那么你的阅读理解能力还是不错的，起码可以达到雅思阅读6.5分及以上的水平。

4.但是，能阅读《经济学人》并不一定能代表在雅思阅读考试中取得高分。毕竟，外刊读完就完了，不用做题。而雅思阅读有题目在那里，如果没有一定的阅读技巧也不会考到很高的分数。

雅思1000问答系列：考雅思g类a类阅读还需要做吗？

前两天有烤鸭问了这么一个问题，想知道考培训类（G类）雅思的话，平时可否做一些学术类（A类）的雅思阅读真题？

回答：可以做，但不是必须的。A类与G类的雅思阅读有区别，但是也有相同的地方。具体的情况如下：

1.不管是A类还是G类的雅思阅读真题，它们的考察方法（考试题型的设置）都是一样的。因此，大家做A类题目同样能够提升雅思阅读技巧。

2.G类的题目会更加生活化，A类阅读的内容更加有学术的色彩。大多数同学会觉得A类比G类难一些；那么，我们换一个思路来看待这些题目：平时做一些A类的阅读，就好比在做“高原训练”，等到你转手做G类就不会感觉那么有挑战性了。如果剑桥出版的真题做完了，可以接着继续做雅思阅读考试真题还原，保证日常的练习量，不放松即可。

3.不过，建议大家把更多的重心放在G类的阅读以及平日多阅读欧美期刊上面（雅思阅读提升外刊阅读帮你实现）。通过日常的阅读积累来提升自己的阅读的综合实力，这样，不管遇到什么题目、什么内容，你都能够轻松应对。

查看更多：雅思阅读技巧汇总

以上就是针对“考雅思g类a类阅读还需要做吗？”的问题解答，希望能够帮助到更多正在准备G类雅思考试的同学们。

雅思1000问答系列：精读能提高雅思阅读吗

答：能。

1.严格意义上的精读就是把文章细细的品读，研究其词句和行文以及作者的用意，这是提升我们英文功底的有效途径之一。在上大学本科的时候，教我们《高 级英语》的教授就会带着我们逐行学习英文词法以及词里行间作者的用意和中英文表达的差异。当然，起初的时候，每篇文章都有特别多的生单词，感觉读起来有点吃力。但是，经过一学期、两学期的锤炼，越来越觉得自己的阅读能力无形之中起来了，这与精读的学习分不开。

2.作为大多数烤鸭们来说，接触到英文专业的《高 级英语》是不大现实的事情；我们都有自己的事情要做。那么，把《剑桥雅思真题》拿出来当做精读材料也是一个不错的选择。

3.在做精读的过程中需要注意使用恰当的方法，可以参考《雅思阅读如何精读》来指导自己的日常精读练习。

雅思1000问答系列：剑桥雅思13阅读与真题接近吗

答：接近。

1.首先，剑桥系列的题目是往年考过的部分（少量）雅思题目的汇总。因此，剑桥雅思13的阅读题目其实就是曾经考过的真题。

2.至于是否接近真题，觉得提问的烤鸭可能是想说是否与当下考题接近，或者说哪本书更能反映考试的真实情况。这点我们建议大家按照“就近原则”来对待剑桥雅思题目。序列号数字越大，则年份越近，题目也更加接近真题。比如，剑14就比剑13要新，因此更接近真题。马上要出来的剑15显然也更加贴近最近的出题风格。

3.因此，如果你马上就要考试了（比如只有一个月时间准备了），那么建议你先做剑14或者剑15。如果你还有好几个月的时间，可以拿着剑9甚至最老的《剑桥雅思真题4》练个手，这样也不至于浪费了宝贵的新题。

剑桥雅思11没有g类阅读？

一些雅思G类的考生在网上搜索备考资料的时候可能会发现一件诡异的事情：怎么找到的剑桥雅思11只有A类的内容，后面没有像剑4-剑10那样附上G类雅思阅读的题目。难道因为考G类雅思的人数太少，官方直接放弃了这方面的努力吗？

答案当然不是的。为了进一步提升自己的收入，雅思官方从剑桥雅思11开始，采取了一种令人目瞪口呆的骚操作。即将A类题目和G类题目分开出版。但价格却没有任何的变化，仍然是110块钱一本。虽然考A类雅思的同学一般也不会看G类的内容，而考G类的同学也不怎么做A类的阅读题目，但毕竟花同样的钱，买到的东西却变少了，还是让人有点不爽的。

不过换个角度想想，这一措施也不是没有好处。一方面，对于刚刚接触雅思的同学来说，A类和G类阅读题目的分离能够让他们更好的明确自己的考试内容，而不会因为题目画风突变感到疑惑。毕竟雅思小编自己刚开始复习雅思的时候就曾经困惑于怎么剑4后面的阅读题目变成这样子了。

另一方面，单独出版之后，G类阅读题目的数量也有所增加。过去一本书上只有两套G类题目，从剑桥雅思11开始则变成了四套，有利于考生更好的了解考试套路。

除此之外，不知道正在复习雅思的你有没有感觉G类写作，尤其是G类小作文的写作让人摸不着头脑。如果是的话，大家可以参考我们收集到的雅思G类小作文范文，先从模范开始。

雅思1000问答系列：剑12阅读答案哪里有？

大家是不是在找剑桥雅思真题第12套的阅读答案？今天有位小烤鸭来信问了这么一个问题：“请问剑12的阅读真题答案有吗，感谢！”那么，雅思小编今天就针对这个问题为大家详细解答一下，希望能够帮到更多有此类疑惑的小烤鸭们。

答：这里有。1.大家关注雅思公众号并回复“剑4-12”就能够免费领取到完整的包括答案部分的剑桥雅思真题套题了。2.如果细心的你已经拿到了真题，就请翻阅一下剑12真题后面几页，看看有没有答案的存在。3.一般做工比较差的盗版可能印刷上出了点问题，答案部分有可能丢失或者直接没有印刷。4.如果出现这个问题，请联系小助手2号，他会帮助你拿到完整的版本。

除此之外，最新的《剑15》也出了一部分哦，急需考试的烤鸭们可以先做一做这套崭新的题目。

以上就是关于“剑12阅读答案哪里有？”的问题答疑，欢迎大家随时访问官网的各个版块进行深入的雅思学习并同时关注公众号获取更多备考资源和资讯。祝大家雅思备考顺利，早日获取理想的分数！

skimming和scanning的区别阅读技巧小常识

在国外的ESL教学领域，对于英语阅读这块SKILL的考察中，往往会提及到两个对于中国学生来说认识很模糊的词，那就是skimming和scanning，这同样适用于雅思阅读。今天，就带着大家一起来搞明白这个两个词到底说明的是什么样的雅思阅读技巧。

首先，这两个词大家若是用市面上的电子词典进行查阅，你就会发现解释出来的感觉怎么一样，完全摸不着头脑。有一种回到中学做单选题，两个答案模棱两可的感觉。的确，有的时候是因为中文翻译的解释差异性问题，所以小编同时也建议大家在英文的学习过程中多多查阅英英词典，目前市面上比较不错的英英词典有剑桥系列的，还有朗文系列的(如LDOCE)等。

那么，咱们来翻阅一下剑桥词典在线版(dictionary.cambridge.org)的learner’s dictionary来看看它是如何解释这两个词的。

skimming：略读，即不追求句子细节的含义，只求了解句子和段落想表达什么，摸清楚文章的主旨大意;也就是老外常说的reading for gist

剑桥英语解释：to read or look at something quickly without looking at the details

scanning：跳读，快速地看全文并找到需要的细节。这点有些像搜索引擎，即我们内心中有一个目标点，可以是词也可以是句子，然后去原文中寻找与之相同或者相似的地方。在寻找的时候我们不关心自己看到的具体是什么内容，只关心是不是目标点。也就是常说的reading for details

剑桥英语解释：to quickly read a piece of writing to understand the main meaning or to find a particular piece of information

换句话说，reading意味着我们要搞懂每个句子;skimming意味着我们不需要看懂每个句子，只要知道它们组合而成的段落想要表达什么即可;而scanning则意味着句子和段落统统都忽略，只求找到特定的信息。

剑桥雅思15Test4Passage2阅读原文翻译Silbo Gomero–the whistle language of the Canary Islands加那利群岛的口哨语言

剑桥雅思15阅读第四套题目第二篇文章的主题为加那利群岛的口哨语言。文章一共9段，大体介绍了口哨语言的特点，它对我们研究大脑功能的作用，以及它目前所面临的困境。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思15 Test4 Passage2阅读原文翻译

第1段

La Gomera is one of the Canary Islands situated in the Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of Africa.This small volcanic island is mountainous,with steep rocky slopes and deep,wooded ravines,rising to 1,487 metres at its highest peak.It is also home to the best known of the world’s whistle‘languages’,a means of transmitting information over long distances which is perfectly adapted to the extreme terrain of the island.

戈梅拉岛是加纳利群岛中的一座岛屿，位于靠近非洲西北岸的大西洋上。这座小型火山岛上山峰众多，有着陡峭的岩石斜坡和丛林密布的、深邃的溪谷，最 高处可达1487米。它也是世界上最著 名的口哨语言的故乡，一种完美地适应了该岛屿极端地形的、远距离传播信息的方式。

第2段

This‘language’,known as‘Silbo’or‘Silbo Gomero’–from the Spanish word for‘whistle’-is now shedding light on the language-processing abilities of the human brain,according to scientists.Researchers say that Silbo activates parts of the brain normally associated with spoken language,suggesting that the brain is remarkably flexible in its ability to interpret sounds as language.

据科学家说，这一被称为“Silbo”或“Silbo Gemero”的语言–该名称来自西班牙语，意思是“口哨”–如今正在揭示人类大脑处理语言的能力。研究者说，Silbo激活大脑中通常与口头语言联系在一起的部分，表明大脑在将声音解析成语言的能力方面具有很高的灵活性。

第3段

‘Science has developed the idea of brain areas that are dedicated to language,and we are starting to understand the scope of signals that can be recognised as language,’says David Corina,co-author of a recent study and associate professor of psychology at the University of Washington in Seattle.

“科学研究中已有这样的观念，即特定的大脑区域专门负责语言功能。我们也开始理解能够被识别为语言的信号范围”，最近一项研究的合作作者、西雅图华盛顿大学的心理学教授David Corina说。

第4段

Silbo is a substitute for Spanish,with individual words recoded into whistles which have high-and low-frequency tones.A whistler–or silbador–puts a finger in his or her mouth to increase the whistle’s pitch,while the other hand can be cupped to adjust the direction of the sound.‘There is much more ambiguity in the whistled signal than in the spoken signal’,explains lead researcher Manuel Carreiras,psychology professor at the University of La Laguna on the Canary island of Tenerife.Because whistled‘words’can be hard to distinguish,silbadores rely on repetition,as well as awareness of context,to make themselves understood.

Silbo是西班牙语的替代品，每个单词被重新编码为高低频率不同的口哨声。吹哨人(也被叫做silbador)将手指放进嘴里提升口哨的音高，另一只手掌则可以模拟杯子的形状以调整声音的方向。“与说话信号相比，口哨信号要模糊许多”，位于加那利群岛特内里费岛拉拉古纳大学的心理学教授、首席研究员Manuel Carreiras解释道。由于口哨词汇很难分辨，所以吹哨人依赖重复，以及对语境的意识来表达自己的意思。

第5段

The silbadores of Gomera are traditionally shepherds and other isolated mountain folk,and their novel means of staying in touch allows them to communicate over distances of up to 10 kilometres.Carreiras explains that silbadores are able to pass a surprising amount of information via their whistles.‘In daily life they use whistles to communicate short commands,but any Spanish sentence could be whistled.’Silbo has proved particularly useful when fires have occurred on the island and rapid communication across large areas has been vital.

戈梅拉岛的传统吹哨人多为牧羊人和其他与世隔绝的山区居民。他们保持联系的新奇方式让他们可以在最多相隔10公里的情况下互相交流。Carreiras解释说，吹哨人能够通过口哨传递惊人数量的信息。“在日常生活中，他们使用口哨来传递简短的命令，但任何西班牙句子都能够被吹出来”。当岛上发生火灾，大面积区域的信息迅速传递至关重要时，Silbo被证明特别有用。

第6段

The study team used neuroimaging equipment to contrast the brain activity of silbadores while listening to whistled and spoken Spanish.Results showed the left temporal lobe of the brain,which is usually associated with spoken language,was engaged during the processing of Silbo.The researchers found that other key regions in the brain’s frontal lobe also responded to the whistles,including those activated in response to sign language among deaf people.When the experiments were repeated with non-whistlers,however,activation was observed in all areas of the brain.

研究团队使用神经成像设备对比了吹哨人听到吹出来和说出来的西班牙语时大脑活动的不同。结果表明，大脑左侧颞叶(通常与口头语言相关)在处理Silbo的时候被激活。研究者发现，大脑额叶的其他关键区域也会对哨声产生反应，包括那些应对盲人手语时会被激活的区域。然而，当对非吹哨人进行重复实验室，大脑所有区域都可以观察到激活反应。

第7段

‘Our results provide more evidence about the flexibility of human capacity for language in a variety of forms,’Corina says.‘These data suggest that left-hemisphere language regions are uniquely adapted for communicative purposes,independent of the modality of signal.The non-Silbo speakers were not recognising Silbo as a language.They had nothing to grab onto,so multiple areas of their brains were activated.’

“我们的研究结果提供了更多的证据，证明人类在处理各种形式的语言上具有灵活性”，Corina说，“这些数据表明，左半球的语言区域出于交流目的进行了独特的更改，不受信号形式的影响。非哨语使用者不会将Silbo当作一种语言。他们没有可供抓取的信号，所以他们大脑的多个区域都被激活了”。

第8段

Carreiras says the origins of Silbo Gomero remain obscure,but that indigenous Canary Islanders,who were of North African origin,already had a whistled language when Spain conquered the volcanic islands in the 15th century.Whistled languages survive today in Papua New Guinea,Mexico,Vietnam,Guyana,China,Nepal,Senegal,and a few mountainous pockets in southern Europe.There are thought to be as many as 70 whistled languages still in use,though only 12 have been described and studied scientifically.This form of communication is an adaptation found among cultures where people are often isolated from each other,according to Julien Meyer,a researcher at the Institute of Human Sciences in Lyon,France.‘They are mostly used in mountains or dense forests,‘he says.‘Whistled languages are quite clearly defined and represent an original adaptation of the spoken language for the needs of isolated human groups.”

Carreiras说，Silbo Gomero的起源仍属未知，但源于非洲北部的加纳里群岛的本土居民，在西班牙人于15世纪征服这些火山岛的时候，就已经拥有了一门口哨语言。口哨语言如今仍然存在于巴布新几内亚、墨西哥、越南、圭亚那、中国、尼泊尔、塞内加尔，以及欧洲南部的一些地区。据认为，目前仍在使用的口哨语言多达70种，虽然其中只有12种被科学地描述和研究过。法国里昂人类科学研究所的研究员Julien Meyer表示，这种形式的交流是对人们互相隔绝的文化的一种适应。“它们大多在山区和茂密的森林中使用”，他说，“口哨语言定义清晰，代表着为满足孤立的人类群体的需求而对口头语言的一种原始改编”。

第9段

But with modern communication technology now widely available,researchers say whistled languages like Silbo are threatened with extinction.With dwindling numbers of Gomera islanders still fluent in the language,Canaries’authorities are taking steps to try to ensure its survival.Since 1999,Silbo Gomero has been taught in all of the island’s elementary schools.In addition,locals are seeking assistance from the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO).‘The local authorities are trying to get an award from the organisation to declare[Silbo Gomero]as something that should be preserved for humanity,’Carreiras adds.

不过，如今随着现代通信技术的广泛应用，研究者表示，诸如Silbo这样的口哨语言面临着灭绝的危险。随着戈梅拉岛上仍然能够熟练使用该语言的人越来越少，加那利政府当局正采取措施努力保证它的延续。1999年以来，该岛屿上的所有小学都开设了Silbo Gomero这门语言课。除此之外，当地人还寻求联合国教科文组织的帮助。“当地政府正试图从该组织获得认证，以宣布Silbo Gemero是某种出于人类整体利益应该被保护的东西”，Carreiras补充到。

剑桥雅思15Test4Passage1阅读原文翻译The return of the huarango Huarango树的回归

剑桥雅思15阅读第四套题目第 一篇文章的主题为秘鲁某种树木的回归。文章一共8段，大体介绍了huarango在秘鲁生长的原因，如今所面临的困境，人们采取的保护措施，以及目前取得的成果。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思15 Test4 Passage1阅读原文翻译

第1段

The south coast of Peru is a narrow,2,000-kilometre-long strip of desert squeezed between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean.It is also one of the most fragile ecosystems on Earth.It hardly ever rains there,and the only year-round source of water is located tens of metres below the surface.This is why the huarango tree is so suited to life there:it has the longest roots of any tree in the world.They stretch down 50-80 metres and,as well as sucking up water for the tree,they bring it into the higher subsoil,creating a water source for other plant life.

夹在安第斯山脉和太平洋之间的秘鲁南岸，是一条绵延2000公里的狭长沙漠地带。它也是地球上最为脆弱的生态系统之一。那里几乎从不下雨。全年唯 一可用的水源位于地表数十米之下。这就是huarango如此适合在那里生存的原因：它拥有世界上所有树木中最长的根系。它们向下延伸50到80米，为树木吸收水分的同时，他们还将水分带到更高的底土中，为其他植物的生存创造水源。

第2段

Dr David Beresford-Jones,archaeobotanist at Cambridge University,has been studying the role of the huarango tree in landscape change in the Lower lea Valley in southern Peru.He believes the huarango was key to the ancient people’s diet and,because it could reach deep water sources,it allowed local people to withstand years of drought when their other crops failed.But over the centuries huarango trees were gradually replaced with crops.Cutting down native woodland leads to erosion,as there is nothing to keep the soil in place.So when the huarangos go,the land turns into a desert.Nothing grows at all in the Lower lea Valley now.

剑桥大学考古植物学家David Bereford-Jones博士，一直在研究huarango树在秘鲁南部Lower lea Valley的景色变化中所起的作用。他认为huarango对古代居民的饮食十分重要。因为它能够到达深层水源，让当地居民可以在其他作物歉收的时候忍受数年的干旱。但几个世纪以来，huarango逐渐被粮食作物所取代。对当地林地的砍伐导致水土流失，因为没有任何东西能够固定住土壤。所以，当huarango消失时，土地就变为沙漠。如今没有任何东西能够在Lower lea Valley生长。

第3段

For centuries the huarango tree was vital to the people of the neighbouring Middle lea Valley too.They grew vegetables under it and ate products made from its seed pods.Its leaves and bark were used for herbal remedies,while its branches were used for charcoal for cooking and heating,and its trunk was used to build houses.But now it is disappearing rapidly.The majority of the huarango forests in the valley have already been cleared for fuel and agriculture–initially,these were smallholdings,but now they’re huge farms producing crops for the international market.

几个世纪以来，huarango树对隔壁Middle lea Valley的居民也同样重要。他们在它下面种植蔬菜，食用其种荚制成的产品。它的叶子和树皮被当作草药使用，枝干作为木炭用于做饭和加热，而树干则用于建造房屋。但它如今也在快速消失。山谷中大部分huarango森林已经被清理出来，要么当作燃料使用，要么为农业腾出地方。一开始，这些只是小块的耕地，但现在它们已经变成为国际市场生产粮食的巨大农场。

第4段

‘Of the forests that were here 1,000 years ago,99 per cent have already gone,’says botanist Oliver Whaley from Kew Gardens in London,who,together with ethnobotanist Dr William Milliken,is running a pioneering project to protect and restore the rapidly disappearing habitat.In order to succeed,Whaley needs to get the local people on board,and that has meant overcoming local prejudices.‘Increasingly aspirational communities think that if you plant food trees in your home or street,it shows you are poor,and still need to grow your own food,’he says.In order to stop the Middle lea Valley going the same way as the Lower lea Valley,Whaley is encouraging locals to love the huarangos again.‘It’s a process of cultural resuscitation,’he says.He has already set up a huarango festival to reinstate a sense of pride in their eco-heritage,and has helped local schoolchildren plant thousands of trees.

“一千年前这里存在的森林中，99%都已经消失了”，伦敦皇家植物园的植物学家Oliver Whaley说。他与民族植物学家William Milliken博士一起，正在运作一个开创性的项目，以保护和修复这一正在快速消失的栖息地。为了取得成功，Whaley需要得到当地居民的支持，而这意味着要克服当地人的偏见。“越来越多渴望成功的社区认为，如果你在家里或者街道上种植可食用的树木，这就表明你很穷，仍然需要种植自己吃的东西”，他说。为了避免Middle lea Valley走上Lower lea Valley同样的道路，Whaley正鼓励当地人再次喜欢上huarangos。“这是一个文化复兴的过程”，他说。他设立了huarango节来恢复人们对他们生态遗产的自豪感，并已经帮助当地在校儿童种植了数千颗树木。

第5段

‘In order to get people interested in habitat restoration,you need to plant a tree that is useful to them,’says Whaley.So,he has been working with local families to attempt to create a sustainable income from the huarangos by turning their products into foodstuffs.‘Boil up the beans and you get this thick brown syrup like molasses.You can also use it in drinks,soups or stews.‘The pods can be ground into flour to make cakes,and the seeds roasted into a sweet,chocolatey‘coffee’.‘It’s packed full of vitamins and minerals,‘Whaley says.

“为了让人们对栖息地的重建产生兴趣，你得种植一种对他们有用的树木”，Whaley说。因此，他一直在与当地家庭合作，尝试通过将huarango的产品制成食物来创造一条可持续的收入来源。“把豆子煮开，你就会得到这种粘稠的棕色糖浆。你也可以在饮料、汤或者炖菜中使用它”。种荚可以被碾成粉制作蛋糕，种子可以烘培成香甜的、巧克力味“咖啡”。“它富含维生素和矿物质”，Whaley说。

第6段

And some farmers are already planting huarangos.Alberto Benevides,owner of lea Valley’s only certified organic farm,which Whaley helped set up,has been planting the tree for 13 years.He produces syrup and flour,and sells these products at an organic farmers’market in Lima.His farm is relatively small and doesn’t yet provide him with enough to live on,but he hopes this will change.‘The organic market is growing rapidly in Peru,‘Benevides says.‘I am investing in the future.

一些农民已经开始种植huarangos。Alberto Benevides，lea Valley中唯 一一个经过认证的有机农场的主人(该农场正式Whaley帮忙建造的)，种植这种树木已经13年了。他生产糖浆和面粉，并在利马的一个有机农贸市场里销售这些产品。他的农场规模相对较小，无法满足他的生活需要，但他希望这在未来会有所改变。“有机市场在秘鲁发展很快”，Benevides说，“我是在投资未来”。

第7段

But even if Whaley can convince the local people to fall in love with the huarango again,there is still the threat of the larger farms.Some of these cut across the forests and break up the corridors that allow the essential movement of mammals,birds and pollen up and down the narrow forest strip.In the hope of counteracting this,he’s persuading farmers to let him plant forest corridors on their land.He believes the extra woodland will also benefit the farms by reducing their water usage through a lowering of evaporation and providing a refuge for bio-control insects.

但即使Whaley能够说服当地居民再次爱上Huarango，大型农场的威胁也仍然存在。其中一些砍伐森林，破坏让哺乳动物、鸟类和花粉得以在狭长森林地带移动的关键走廊。为了消除这一影响，他正在劝说农民让他在他们的土地上种植森林走廊。他认为，通过减少蒸发降低水资源的使用，以及为生物防治的昆虫提供栖息地，额外的林地也可以让农民受益。

第8段

‘If we can record biodiversity and see how it all works,then we’re in a good position to move on from there.Desert habitats can reduce down to very little,‘Whaley explains.‘It’s not like a rainforest that needs to have this huge expanse.Life has always been confined to corridors and islands here.If you just have a few trees left,the population can grow up quickly because it’s used to exploiting water when it arrives.’He sees his project as a model that has the potential to be rolled out across other arid areas around the world.‘If we can do it here,in the most fragile system on Earth,then that’s a real message of hope for lots of places,including Africa,where there is drought and they just can’t afford to wait for rain.’

“如果我们能够记录生物多样性，并看到它是如何运作的，那么我们就有了一个从这里继续前进的优 秀起点。沙漠栖息地的面积可以缩减的非常小”，Whaley解释道，“它不像雨林那样需要极大的面积。生命一直都只存在于这里的走廊和岛屿。如果你只剩下几棵树木，其数量也会在水到来时迅速生长，因为它们习惯于充分利用水源”。他将他的项目视为一个有潜力推广到世界其他干旱地区的样板。“如果我们能够在这里-世界上生态系统最为脆弱的地方-做到这一点，那么它对于包括非洲在内的许多地方都是一条充满希望的信息。那些地方干旱横行，而他们已经无法承担等候雨水来临的代价”。

剑桥雅思15Test3Passage3阅读原文翻译Why fairy tales are really scary tales为什么童话是真正可怕的故事

剑桥雅思15阅读第三套题目第三篇文章对童话普遍而持久的吸引力进行了讨论。文章一共10段，分别介绍了同一个通话在不同文化中的不同形式，系统进化分析法，Tehrani利用系统进化分析法的研究成果，其他民俗学者的不同观点，以及Tehrani的回应。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思15 Test3 Passage3阅读原文翻译

第1段

People of every culture tell each other fairy tales but the same story often takes a variety of forms in different parts of the world.In the story of Little Red Riding Hood that European children are familiar with,a young girl on the way to see her grandmother meets a wolf and tells him where she is going.The wolf runs on ahead and disposes of the grandmother,then gets into bed dressed in the grandmother’s clothes to wait for Little Red Riding Hood.You may think you know the story–but which version?In some versions,the wolf swallows up the grandmother,while in others it locks her in a cupboard.In some stories Red Riding Hood gets the better of the wolf on her own,while in others a hunter or a woodcutter hears her cries and comes to her rescue.

每一种文化的人都会向彼此讲述童话故事，但相同的故事在世界上不同的地方却往往采取不同的形式。在欧洲儿童所熟悉的《小红帽》这一故事里，一名小女孩在前去探望奶奶的路上遇到了一只狼，并且告诉他她要去哪里。狼跑到前面，解决掉了奶奶，然后穿着奶奶的衣服躺到床上等待小红帽的到来。你可能觉得你知道这个故事。但究竟是哪个版本呢?在一些版本里，狼吃掉了奶奶，而在另外一些版本里，它将她锁在衣柜里。在一些故事中，小红帽独自战胜了狼，而在另外一些故事中，一名猎人或者伐木工听到了她的哭喊，赶来救援。

第2段

The universal appeal of these tales is frequently attributed to the idea that they contain cautionary messages:in the case of Little Red Riding Hood,to listen to your mother,and avoid talking to strangers.‘It might be what we find interesting about this story is that it’s got this survival relevant information in it,’says anthropologist Jamie Tehrani at Durham University in the UK.But his research suggests otherwise.‘We have this huge gap in our knowledge about the history and prehistory of storytelling,despite the fact that we know this genre is an incredibly ancient one,’he says.That hasn’t stopped anthropologists,folklorists and other academics devising theories to explain the importance of fairy tales in human society.Now Tehrani has found a way to test these ideas,borrowing a technique from evolutionary biologists.

这些童话故事普世的吸引力通常被归功于他们所包含的警戒信息：以《小红帽》为例，就是要听妈妈的话，不要跟陌生人说话。“我们之所以觉得这个故事有趣，可能是因为它在其中包含了与生存相关的信息”，英国杜伦大学人类学家Jamie Tehrani说。但他的研究却表明并非如此。“我们对故事讲述的历史以及史前史的认知存在着巨大的空白，尽管我们知道这一体裁十分古老”，他说。但这并没有阻止人类学家，民俗学家和其他学者构建理论来解释童话故事在人类社会中的重要性。如今，Tehrani借用进化生物学家的方法，发现了一种测试这些观点是否正确的方式。

第3段

To work out the evolutionary history,development and relationships among groups of organisms,biologists compare the characteristics of living species in a process called‘phylogenetic analysis’.Tehrani has used the same approach to compare related versions of fairy tales to discover how they have evolved and which elements have survived longest.

为了弄清楚生物群体的进化历史，发展历程与相互关系，生物学家通过一种叫作“系统进化分析法”的方式来比较物种特征。Tehrani利用相同方式来比较童话故事的关联版本，从而探询它们是如何演变的，以及那些元素存留的时间最长。

第4段

Tehrani’s analysis focused on Little Red Riding Hood in its many forms,which include another Western fairy tale known as The Wolf and the Kids.Checking for variants of these two tales and similar stories from Africa,East Asia and other regions,he ended up with 58 stories recorded from oral traditions.Once his phylogenetic analysis had established that they were indeed related,he used the same methods to explore how they have developed and altered over time.

Tehrani的分析主要集中在《小红帽》的多个版本上。这其中就包括另一个西方故事《狼与孩子》。在非洲、东亚和其他地区检索了这两个故事以及相似故事的变种后，他最终从口述传统中记录下来58个故事。一旦系统进化分析法证实它们确实彼此相关，他就利用同样的方法探索它们是如何随着时间的推移而发展改变的。

第5段

First he tested some assumptions about which aspects of the story alter least as it evolves,indicating their importance.Folklorists believe that what happens in a story is more central to the story than the characters in it–that visiting a relative,only to be met by a scary animal in disguise,is more fundamental than whether the visitor is a little girl or three siblings,or the animal is a tiger instead of a wolf.

首先，他测试了一些假设：故事在演化过程中哪些方面改变最少(这表明它们的重要性)。民俗学家认为，与角色相比，故事情节对于故事而言更为核心。即拜访亲戚，偶然遇到带有伪装的可怕动物，比拜访者究竟是一名小女孩还是三兄妹，又或者动物是狮子而不是狼更为重要。

第6段

However,Tehrani found no significant difference in the rate of evolution of incidents compared with that of characters.‘Certain episodes are very stable because they are crucial to the story,but there are lots of other details that can evolve quite freely,‘he says.Neither did his analysis support the theory that the central section of a story is the most conserved part.He found no significant difference in the flexibility of events there compared with the beginning or the end.

然而，Tehrani发现事件的演变速度与角色相比并没有什么太大的区别。“由于特定的情节对故事至关重要，因而它们十分稳定，但也有许多其他细节可以十分自由地演变”，他说。他的分析也不支持以下理论，即故事的核心部分是留存最多的部分。他发现，与开头或结尾相比，该部分的事件灵活性并没有显著差异。

第7段

But the really big surprise came when he looked at the cautionary elements of the story.‘Studies on hunter-gatherer folk tales suggest that these narratives include really important information about the environment and the possible dangers that may be faced there–stuff that’s relevant to survival,’he says.Yet in his analysis such elements were just as flexible as seemingly trivial details.What,then,is important enough to be reproduced from generation to generation?

但他在研究该故事的警示元素时，真正令人吃惊的事情发生了。“对狩猎采集者的民间故事的研究表明，这些叙事中包含着有关环境以及那里可能存在的危险的重要信息–与生存相关的事项”，他说。然而，在他的分析中，这些元素文章来自老烤鸭雅思与那些看似无关紧要的细节同样灵活多变。那么，究竟是什么东西重要到在一代又一代人中不断再现呢?

第8段

The answer,it would appear,is fear–blood-thirsty and gruesome aspects of the story,such as the eating of the grandmother by the wolf turned out to be the best preserved of all.Why are these details retained by generations of storytellers,when other features are not?Tehrani has an idea:‘In an oral context,a story won’t survive because of one great teller.It also needs to be interesting when it’s told by someone who’s not necessarily a great storyteller.’Maybe being swallowed whole by a wolf,then cut out of its stomach alive is so gripping that it helps the story remain popular,no matter how badly it’s told.

答案似乎是恐惧，即故事中嗜血与可怕的部分(例如奶奶被狼吃掉)是所有内容中被保留的最好的。为什么这些细节能够在一代又一代的故事讲述者中留存下来，而故事的其他特征却没有呢?Tehrani有一个想法：“在口述情况下，故事不会因为一名伟大的讲述者而留存下来。当它由一个不一定伟大的讲述者说出来的时候，它还得有趣才行”。或许被一头狼整个吞下，然后切开胃部活着出来，这一情节如此扣人心弦，以至于无论讲的有多么糟糕，它都能保持流行。

第9段

Jack Zipes at the University of Minnesota,Minneapolis,is unconvinced by Tehrani’s views on fairy tales.‘Even if they’re gruesome,they won’t stick unless they matter,’he says.He believes the perennial theme of women as victims in stories like Little Red Riding Hood explains why they continue to feel relevant.But Tehrani points out that although this is often the case in Western versions,it is not always true elsewhere.In Chinese and Japanese versions,often known as The Tiger Grandmother,the villain is a woman,and in both Iran and Nigeria,the victim is a boy.

明尼阿波利斯明尼苏达大学的Jack Zipes不认同Tehrani有关童话的观点。“即使这些情节很可怕，除非它们确实重要，否则也不会保留下来”，他说。他认为，在诸如《小红帽》这样的故事中，女性作为受害者这一反复出现的主题解释了它们为什么让人觉得与自己休戚相关。但Tehrani指出，虽然在西方故事中确实经常如此，但在别的地方却并不总是这样。在中国和日本通常被称为《虎外婆》的版本中，反派角色是名女性。而在伊朗和尼日利亚的版本中，受害者是名男孩。

第10段

Mathias Clasen at Aarhus University in Denmark isn’t surprised by Tehrani’s findings.‘Habits and morals change,but the things that scare us,and the fact that we seek out entertainment that’s designed to scare us–those are constant,’he says.Clasen believes that scary stories teach us what it feels like to be afraid without having to experience real danger,and so build up resistance to negative emotions.

丹麦奥尔胡斯大学的Mathias Clasen并不吃惊于Tehrani的发现。“习惯与道德会发生改变，但让我们恐惧的事情，以及我们寻求设计出来让我们感到恐惧的娱乐这一事实是永恒的”，他说。Clasen认为，恐怖故事让我们可以体会害怕的感觉而无需经历真正的危险，从而加强我们对负面情绪的抵抗力。

剑桥雅思15Test3Passage2阅读原文翻译The Desolenator:producing clean water净水设备

剑桥雅思15阅读第三套题目第二篇文章的主题为太阳能净水设备。文章一共7部分，分别介绍了太阳能净水设备的灵感来源，适用范围，工作原理，目标客户，潜在市场，销售额与销售地点等内容。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思15 Test3 Passage2阅读原文翻译

A部分

Travelling around Thailand in the 1990s,William Janssen was impressed with the basic rooftop solar heating systems that were on many homes,where energy from the sun was absorbed by a plate and then used to heat water for domestic use.Two decades later Janssen developed that basic idea he saw in Southeast Asia into a portable device that uses the power from the sun to purify water.

20世纪90年代在泰国旅行的时候，WIliam Janseen对许多人家屋顶上的太阳能加热系统印象深刻。来自太阳的能量被平板吸收，随后被用于加热家庭用水。20年后，Janssen将他在东南亚看到的原本想法变为一种可以利用太阳能来净化水的便携设备。

B部分

The Desolenator operates as a mobile desalination unit that can take water from different places,such as the sea,rivers,boreholes and rain,and purify it for human consumption.It is particularly valuable in regions where natural groundwater reserves have been polluted,or where seawater is the only water source available.

Desolenator是一种可移动的海水净化设备，能够净化取自不同地方的水(如大海，河流，钻井和雨水等)供人类使用。它在自然地下水遭到污染，或者海水是唯 一可用的水源的地区显得尤其宝贵。

Janssen saw that there was a need for a sustainable way to clean water in both the developing and the developed countries when he moved to the United Arab Emirates and saw large-scale water processing.‘I was confronted with the enormous carbon footprint that the Gulf nations have because of all of the desalination that they do,’he says.

当Janssen移居阿联酋并看到对水进行大规模的处理时，他意识到无论是发展中国家还是发达国家，都需要一种可持续的净水方法。“我面临着海湾国家因为进行海水淡化而产生的巨量碳排放”。

C部分

The Desolenator can produce 15 litres of drinking water per day,enough to sustain a family for cooking and drinking.Its main selling point is that unlike standard desalination techniques,it doesn’t require a generated power supply:just sunlight.It measures 120 cm by 90 cm,and is easy to transport,thanks to its two wheels.Water enters through a pipe,and flows as a thin film between a sheet of double glazing and the surface of a solar panel,where it is heated by the sun.The warm water flows into a small boiler(heated by a solar-powered battery)where it is converted to steam.When the steam cools,it becomes distilled water.The device has a very simple filter to trap particles,and this can easily be shaken to remove them.There are two tubes for liquid coming out:one for the waste–salt from seawater,fluoride,etc.–and another for the distilled water.The performance of the unit is shown on an LCD screen and transmitted to the company which provides servicing when necessary.

Desolenator每天可以产生15升的饮用水，足够一个家庭做饭和饮用。它的主要卖点在于，不像标准的海水淡化设备，它不需要电力供应，只要阳光就好。它长120厘米，宽90厘米，由于配备了两个轮子，十分方便运输。水从管道进入，在双层玻璃片和太阳能电池板之间以薄膜的形式流动。在这里水被阳光加热。温暖的水流入一个小锅炉(由太阳能电池负责加热)转变为蒸汽。当蒸汽冷却后就变成了蒸馏水。该装置有一个十分简单的过滤器用来过滤微粒，只需晃动就可去除它们。有两条管道供液体流出：一条排出废物–来自海水的盐，氟化物等–一条排出蒸馏水。这套设备的运行过程会显示在LCD屏幕上，并在必要的时候传输给提供服务的公司。

D部分

A recent analysis found that at least two-thirds of the world’s population lives with severe water scarcity for at least a month every year.Janssen says that by 2030 half of the world’s population will be living with water stress–where the demand exceeds the supply over a certain period of time.‘It is really important that a sustainable solution is brought to the market that is able to help these people’,he says.Many countries‘don’t have the money for desalination plants,which are very expensive to build.They don’t have the money to operate them,they are very maintenance intensive,and they don’t have the money to buy the diesel to run the desalination plants,so it is a really bad situation.’

一项最近的分析发现，世界上至少有三分之二的人每年至少有一个月的时间生活在极度缺水的状态中。Janssen说，到2030年时，世界上将会有一半的人口面临用水压力–在特定的时间里需求超过供给。“为市场提供能够帮助到这些人的可持续解决方案真的很重要”，他说，许多国家“没有钱建造十分昂贵的海水淡化工厂，他们没有钱去运营这些维护工作十分繁重的厂房，他们也没有钱购买柴油来维持这些工厂的运转，所以情况真的很差”。

E部分

The device is aimed at a wide variety of users–from homeowners in the developing world who do not have a constant supply of water to people living off the grid in rural parts of the US.The first commercial versions of the Desolenator are expected to be in operation in India early next year,after field tests are carried out.The market for the self-sufficient devices in developing countries is twofold–those who cannot afford the money for the device outright and pay through microfinance,and middle-income homes that can lease their own equipment.‘People in India don’t pay for a fridge outright;they pay for it over six months.They would put the Desolenator on their roof and hook it up to their municipal supply and they would get very reliable drinking water on a daily basis,’Janssen says.In the developed world,it is aimed at niche markets where tap water is unavailable–for camping,on boats,or for the military,for instance.

该设备的目标客户范围很广–从发展中国家里没有持续水供应的房主，到美国农村地区远离人烟的居民。Desolenator的第 一个商用版本预计将在进行实地测试后，于明年初在印度投入运营。这一自给自足的设备在发展中国家有两重市场：一重是那些没有钱直接购买设备而通过小额信贷支付的人，另一重是那些能够出租他们自己设备的中等收入家庭。“印度居民不会为冰箱付全款，他们会用六个月的时间进行分期。他们会把Desolenator放在房顶上，并把它与他们的市政供水系统将挂钩，从而每天获得非常可靠的饮用水，”Janssen说。在发达国家，它瞄准无法获得自来水的细分市场–例如露营地、船舶或者军事用途。

F部分

Prices will vary according to where it is bought.In the developing world,the price will depend on what deal aid organisations can negotiate.In developed countries,it is likely to come in at$1,000(￡685)a unit,said Janssen.‘We are a venture with a social mission.We are aware that the product we have envisioned is mainly finding application in the developing world and humanitarian sector and that this is the way we will proceed.We do realise,though,that to be a viable company there is a bottom line to keep in mind,’he says.

设备价格会根据购买地的不同而不同。在发展中国家，其价格取决于援助组织的商谈结果。在发达国家，其价格则可能为每台1000美元(合685英镑)，Janssen说。“我们是一家肩负社会使命的企业。我们意识到我们所发明的产品主要用于发展中国家和人道主义部门。这也是我们将要采取的方式。虽然我们确实意识到，要成为一家有独立发展能力的公司，脑子里必须得有(价格)底线才行”，他说。

G部分

The company itself is based at Imperial College London,although Janssen,its chief executive,still lives in the UAE.It has raised￡340,000 in funding so far.Within two years,he says,the company aims to be selling 1,000 units a month,mainly in the humanitarian field.They are expected to be sold in areas such as Australia,northern Chile,Peru,Texas and California.

公司总部位于伦敦帝国理工学院，虽然它的首席执行官Janssen仍然生活在阿联酋。它目前已经募集了340000英镑的资金。他说，两年内，公司的销量将达到每月1000台，主要用于人道主义领域。它们预计将在澳大利亚，智利北部，秘鲁，德克萨斯和加利福尼亚等地售卖。

剑桥雅思15Test3Passage1阅读原文翻译Henry Moore亨利·摩尔

剑桥雅思15阅读第三套题目第 一篇文章的主题为英国雕塑家亨利·摩尔。文章一共11段，按照时间顺序介绍了亨利·摩尔的家庭背景，如何迷上雕塑，艺术风格的转变，以及最后创建基金。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思15 Test3 Passage1阅读原文翻译

第1段

Henry Moore was born in Castleford,a small town near Leeds in the north of England.He was the seventh child of Raymond Moore and his wife Mary Baker.He studied at Castleford Grammar School from 1909 to 1915,where his early interest in art was encouraged by his teacher Alice Gostick.After leaving school,Moore hoped to become a sculptor,but instead he complied with his father’s wish that he train as a schoolteacher.He had to abandon his training in 1917 when he was sent to France to fight in the First World War.

亨利·摩尔出生在英格兰北部利兹附近的一座叫作卡斯尔福德的小镇里。他是雷蒙德·摩尔与其妻子玛丽·贝克的第7个孩子。他于1909年到1915年期间在卡斯尔福德的文法学校学习。在那里，他对艺术的早期兴趣得到其老师Alice Gostick的鼓励。离开学校之后，摩尔希望成为一名雕塑家，但他还是遵从他父亲的希望，接受成为一名学校老师的培训。1917年，因被派往法国参加第 一次世界大战，他不得不放弃了自己的培训。

第2段

After the war,Moore enrolled at the Leeds School of Art,where he studied for two years.In his first year,he spent most of his time drawing.Although he wanted to study sculpture,no teacher was appointed until his second year.At the end of that year,he passed the sculpture examination and was awarded a scholarship to the Royal College of Art in London.In September 1921,he moved to London and began three years of advanced study in sculpture.

战后，摩尔进入利兹艺术学院，并在那里学习了两年的时间。第 一年里，他将大部分时间都用在绘画上。虽然他想要学习雕塑，但直到第二年学校才给他安排老师。在那年结束的时候，他通过雕塑考试，并且获得伦敦皇家艺术学院的奖学金。1921年9月，他搬到伦敦，开始了雕塑方面为期三年的进一步学习。

第3段

Alongside the instruction he received at the Royal College,Moore visited many of the London museums,particularly the British Museum,which had a wide-ranging collection of ancient sculpture.During these visits,he discovered the power and beauty of ancient Egyptian and African sculpture.As he became increasingly interested in these‘primitive’forms of art,he turned away from European sculptural traditions.

在皇家艺术学院接受指导期间，摩尔参观了许多伦敦的博物馆，尤其是大英博物馆。那里收藏着大量的古代雕塑。在这些参观中，他体会到古埃及和非洲雕塑的力量与美感。随着他对这些原始形态的艺术愈发感兴趣，他逐渐背离了欧洲雕塑的传统。

第4段

After graduating,Moore spent the first six months of 1925 travelling in France.When he visited the Trocadero Museum in Paris,he was impressed by a cast of a Mayan sculpture of the rain spirit.It was a male reclining figure with its knees drawn up together,and its head at a right angle to its body.Moore became fascinated with this stone sculpture,which he thought had a power and originality that no other stone sculpture possessed.He himself started carving a variety of subjects in stone,including depictions of reclining women,mother-and-child groups,and masks.

毕业之后，摩尔将1925年的上半年都用于在法国旅行。当他参观巴黎特罗卡德罗博物馆时，玛雅雨神雕塑的造型给他留下了深刻的印象。那是一名斜倚着的男性，膝盖并拢，头与身体成直角。摩尔迷上了这座石像。他认为它拥有其他石像所没有的力量与独创性。他自己也开始用石头雕刻各种形象，包括斜躺着的女性，母子群，以及面具。

第5段

Moore’s exceptional talent soon gained recognition,and in 1926 he started work as a sculpture instructor at the Royal College.In 1933,he became a member of a group of young artists called Unit One.The aim of the group was to convince the English public of the merits of the emerging international movement in modern art and architecture.

摩尔非凡的天赋很快得到认可。1926年他开始担任皇家艺术学院的雕塑老师。1933年，他成为一个名为“Unit One”的青年艺术家团体的成员。该团体旨在让英国公众接受现代艺术与建筑领域新兴国际运动的优点。

第6段

Around this time,Moore moved away from the human figure to experiment with abstract shapes.In 1931,he held an exhibition at the Leicester Galleries in London.His work was enthusiastically welcomed by fellow sculptors,but the reviews in the press were extremely negative and turned Moore into a notorious figure.There were calls for his resignation from the Royal College,and the following year,when his contract expired,he left to start a sculpture department at the Chelsea School of Art in London.

在这个时期，摩尔开始从人像转为实验抽象的形状。1931年，他在伦敦莱彻斯特美术馆举办了一场展览。其作品受到雕塑家同行的热情欢迎，但媒体的评价却极为负面，这使得摩尔声名狼藉。有人要求他从皇家艺术学院辞职。第二年，当他合同到期时，他离开这所学校，在伦敦切尔西艺术学院成立了雕塑系。

第7段

Throughout the 1930s,Moore did not show any inclination to please the British public.He became interested in the paintings of the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso,whose work inspired him to distort the human body in a radical way.At times,he seemed to abandon the human figure altogether.The pages of his sketchbooks from this period show his ideas for abstract sculptures that bore little resemblance to the human form.

整个20世纪30年代，摩尔没有展现出任何取悦英国公众的倾向。他对西班牙艺术家巴勃罗·毕加索的画作产生兴趣。其作品启发他以一种激进的方式扭曲人类形体。有时，他甚至似乎完全放弃了人类的形象。他这一时期的速写本显示，他对于抽象雕塑的想法与人类形态几乎没有什么相似之处。

第8段

In 1940,during the Second World War,Moore stopped teaching at the Chelsea School and moved to a farmhouse about 20 miles north of London.A shortage of materials forced him to focus on drawing.He did numerous small sketches of Londoners,later turning these ideas into large coloured drawings in his studio.In 1942,he returned to Castleford to make a series of sketches of the miners who worked there.

1940年，第二次世界大战期间，摩尔停止了自己在切尔西学院的教学工作，搬到伦敦北部大约20英里处的一座农场。材料的缺乏迫使他将注意力放在绘画上。他画了大量的、有关伦敦居民的小幅素描，并随后在其工作室里将这些想法变为大型彩色画作。1942年，他回到卡斯尔福德，为在那里工作的旷工创作了一系列素描。

第9段

In 1944,Harlow,a town near London,offered Moore a commission for a sculpture depicting a family.The resulting work signifies a dramatic change in Moore’s style,away from the experimentation of the 1930s towards a more natural and humanistic subject matter.He did dozens of studies in clay for the sculpture,and these were cast in bronze and issued in editions of seven to nine copies each.In this way,Moore’s work became available to collectors all over the world.The boost to his income enabled him to take on ambitious projects and start working on the scale he felt his sculpture demanded.

1944年，伦敦附近的一座城镇-哈洛-委托摩尔创作一座描绘家庭的雕塑。最终的作品标志着摩尔风格的剧烈变化，从20世纪30年代的实验性质转变为一种更加自然、更加带有人文特质的主题。他对雕塑所需的粘土进行了数十次研究。它们被塑造成青铜色，每个版本拥有7-9个副本。以这种方式，全世界的收藏者都可以接触到摩尔的作品。收入的增加使他能够从事更为宏大的项目，并开始按照他认为雕塑所需要的大小进行创作。

第10段

Critics who had begun to think that Moore had become less revolutionary were proven wrong by the appearance,in 1950,of the first of Moore’s series of standing figures in bronze,with their harsh and angular pierced forms and distinct impression of menace.Moore also varied his subject matter in the 1950s with such works as Warrior with Shield and Falling Warrior.These were rare examples of Moore’s use of the male figure and owe something to his visit to Greece in 1951,when he had the opportunity to study ancient works of art.

1950年，随着摩尔第 一批青铜站立人像的出现，那些认为摩尔不再具备革命性的批评家被证明是错误的。这些雕像有着粗糙、棱角分明的尖刺造型，给人留下明显的危险印象。摩尔在20世纪50年代创作出诸如《带盾勇士》和《坠落的勇士》等作品来丰富自己的主题。这些是摩尔使用男性形象的罕见例子，其原因可以归为他在1951年前往希腊的访问，当时他有机会去研究古代艺术作品。

第11段

In his final years,Moore created the Henry Moore Foundation to promote art appreciation and to display his work.Moore was the first modern English sculptor to achieve international critical acclaim and he is still regarded as one of the most important sculptors of the 20th century.

在他生命的最后几年里，摩尔创立了亨利·摩尔基金会来推进艺术欣赏并展示他的作品。摩尔是首位获得国际赞誉的现代英国雕塑家。他如今仍然被认为是20世纪最为重要的雕塑家之一。

剑桥雅思15Test2Passage3阅读原文翻译having a laugh笑一笑

剑桥雅思15阅读第二套题目第三篇文章的主题为笑。文章一共9段，分别介绍了笑对心理学研究的重要意义，笑声是人们社会阶层的体现，并且能够帮助人们识别出相应的社会阶层，以及幽默能够帮助人们恢复精力。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思15 Test2 Passage3阅读原文翻译

第1段

Humans start developing a sense of humour as early as six weeks old,when babies begin to laugh and smile in response to stimuli.Laughter is universal across all human cultures and even exists in some form in rats,chimps,and bonobos.Like other human emotions and expressions,laughter and humour provide psychological scientists with rich resources for studying human psychology,ranging from the development of language to the neuroscience of social perception.

人类在6周大的时候就开始出现幽默感。这个时候，婴儿会开始使用大笑和微笑来回应外界刺激。笑是所有人类文化所共有的，它甚至以某种形式存在于老鼠、黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩中。正如人类其他情绪和表情一样，笑和幽默为心理学家提供了研究人类心理的丰富资源，从语言的发展到社会认知的神经科学等等。

第2段

Theories focusing on the evolution of laughter point to it as an important adaptation for social communication.Take,for example,the recorded laughter in TV comedy shows.Back in 1950,US sound engineer Charley Douglass hated dealing with the unpredictable laughter of live audiences,so started recording his own‘laugh tracks’.These were intended to help people at home feel like they were in a social situation,such as a crowded theatre.Douglass even recorded various types of laughter,as well as mixtures of laughter from men,women,and children.In doing so,he picked up on a quality of laughter that is now interesting researchers:a simple‘haha’communicates a remarkable amount of socially relevant information.

关注笑容进化的理论指出，它是对社会交流的重要适应。以电视喜剧中事先录好的笑声为例。1950年，美国声音工程师Charley Douglass厌倦了处理现场观众无法预测的笑声，因此开始录制他自己的“笑声轨道”。这些音轨原本是为了让那些待在家里的人感觉自己仿佛处于社交场合之中，比如拥挤的剧院。Douglass甚至录制了不同类型的笑声，还将男人，女人和孩子的笑声混合在一起。在这样做的过程中，他注意到笑声一个如今仍然让研究者十分感兴趣的特点：仅仅是简单的“哈哈”就能传达出数量惊人的社交信息。

第3段

In one study conducted in 2016,samples of laughter from pairs of English-speaking students were recorded at the University of California,Santa Cruz.A team made up of more than 30 psychological scientists,anthropologists,and biologists then played these recordings to listeners from 24 diverse societies,from indigenous tribes in New Guinea to city-dwellers in India and Europe.Participants were asked whether they thought the people laughing were friends or strangers.On average,the results were remarkably consistent:worldwide,people’s guesses were correct approximately 60%of the time.

在2016年进行的一项研究中，加利福尼亚大学圣克鲁兹分校几对母语为英语的学生的笑声样本被记录下来。由超过30名心理学家、人类学家和生物学家组成的团队随后将这些录音播放给来自24个不同社会的听众。它们既包括新几内亚的原住民部落，也包括印度和欧洲的城市居民。参与者被询问他们觉得正在大笑的人是朋友还是陌生人。平均来看，这些结果惊人地一致：世界范围内，人们的猜测在大约60%的时候都是正确的。

第4段

Researchers have also found that different types of laughter serve as codes to complex human social hierarchies.A team led by Christopher Oveis from the University of California,San Diego,found that high-status individuals had different laughs from low-status individuals,and that strangers’judgements of an individual’s social status were influenced by the dominant or submissive quality of their laughter.In their study,48 male college students were randomly assigned to groups of four,with each group composed of two low-status members,who had just joined their college fraternity group,and two high-status members,older students who had been active in the fraternity for at least two years.Laughter was recorded as each student took a turn at being teased by the others,involving the use of mildly insulting nicknames.Analysis revealed that,as expected,high-status individuals produced more dominant laughs and fewer submissive laughs relative to the low-status individuals.Meanwhile,low-status individuals were more likely to change their laughter based on their position of power;that is,the newcomers produced more dominant laughs when they were in the‘powerful’role of teasers.Dominant laughter was higher in pitch,louder,and more variable in tone than submissive laughter.

研究者们还发现：不同类型的笑声能够作为人类社会复杂层级的暗码使用。由加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校的Christopher Oveis领导的研究团队发现，社会地位高的个体与社会地位低的个体拥有不同的笑法，而陌生人对一个人社会地位的判断会受到他们笑声中支配性或服从性特质的影响。在他们的研究中，48名男性大学生被随机分为四人小组。每一组包含两名社会地位较低的成员(刚刚加入大学兄弟会)和两名社会地位较高的成员(至少已经在兄弟会中活跃两年的年长学生)。每位学生轮流被他人揶揄，具体手段包括使用有着轻微冒犯意味的外号，并记录他们的笑声。分析发现，正如事先预料的那样，与社会地位较低的个体相比，社会地位较高的人会发出更多支配性的笑声和更少服从性的笑声。与此同时，社会地位较低的个体更有可能根据他们的权力地位改变自己的笑声。也就是说，当新人处于揶揄者这一“掌权”地位时，他们会发出更多支配性的笑声。相比于服从性的笑声而言，支配性的笑声音调更高，声音更大，语调变化更为多样。

第5段

A random group of volunteers then listened to an equal number of dominant and submissive laughs from both the high-and low-status individuals,and were asked to estimate the social status of the laugher.In line with predictions,laughers producing dominant laughs were perceived to be significantly higher in status than laughers producing submissive laughs.‘This was particularly true for low-status individuals,who were rated as significantly higher in status when displaying a dominant versus submissive laugh,‘Oveis and colleagues note.‘Thus,by strategically displaying more dominant laughter when the context allows,low-status individuals may achieve higher status in the eyes of others.’However,high-status individuals were rated as high-status whether they produced their natural dominant laugh or tried to do a submissive one.

随后，一组随机选取的志愿者会聆听来自高低社会地位个体的同等数量的支配性笑声和服从性笑声，并被要求评估发出笑声的人的社会地位。与预测一致，发出支配性笑声的人被认为社会地位远高于那些发出服从性笑声的人。“这对于社会地位较低的人来说尤其如此，与发出服从性笑声相比，他们在发出支配性笑声的时候，获得的社会地位评定明显更高”，Oveis和他的同事注意到。“因此，在环境允许的情况下，通过有策略地展示更多支配性的笑声，社会地位较低的个体也许能够在别人眼中获得更高的地位”。然而，社会地位较高的个体无论是在发出自然的、支配性笑声时，还是在尝试发出服从性笑声时，都会被人们评定为高地位者。

第6段

Another study,conducted by David Cheng and Lu Wang of Australian National University,was based on the hypothesis that humour might provide a respite from tedious situations in the workplace.This‘mental break’might facilitate the replenishment of mental resources.To test this theory,the researchers recruited 74 business students,ostensibly for an experiment on perception.First,the students performed a tedious task in which they had to cross out every instance of the letter‘e’over two pages of text.The students then were randomly assigned to watch a video clip eliciting either humour,contentment,or neutral feelings.Some watched a clip of the BBC comedy Mr.Bean,others a relaxing scene with dolphins swimming in the ocean,and others a factual video about the management profession.

另一项由澳大利亚国立大学的David Cheng和Lu Wang所进行的研究则建立在这样的假设之上：幽默也许能让人从工作场所无聊乏味的环境中暂时解脱出来。这种“精神休息”也许能够帮助补充精力。为了测试这一理论，研究者以进行认知实验为名，招募了74名商学院的学生。首先，学生要完成一项无聊的任务。他们必须划掉长达两页的文本中所有的字母“e”。然后学生被随机安排观看一段视频，刺激或者幽默、或者满足、或者中立的情感。一些人观看BBC喜剧《憨豆先生》中的片段，另一些人观看海豚在海洋中畅游的轻松景象，还有一些人则观看有关管理学专业的一部纪实影片。

第7段

The students then completed a task requiring persistence in which they were asked to guess the potential performance of employees based on provided profiles,and were told that making 10 correct assessments in a row would lead to a win.However,the software was programmed such that it was nearly impossible to achieve 10 consecutive correct answers.Participants were allowed to quit the task at any point.Students who had watched the Mr.Bean video ended up spending significantly more time working on the task,making twice as many predictions as the other two groups.

这些学生随后完成一项需要毅力的任务。他们被要求根据所提供的资料猜测员工的潜在表现，并被告知连续进行10次正确的评估会赢得胜利。然而，软件的编程方式使其几乎不可能连续10次获得正确答案。参与者可以在任何时间退出任务。观看《憨豆先生》的学生最终在这项任务上投入的时间明显更多，所做预测是其他两组人的两倍。

第8段

Cheng and Wang then replicated these results in a second study,during which they had participants complete long multiplication questions by hand.Again,participants who watched the humorous video spent significantly more time working on this tedious task and completed more questions correctly than did the students in either of the other groups.

Cheng和Wang在第二项研究中重现了这些结果。他们要求参与者用手完成漫长的乘法计算。再一次的，与其他两组学生相比，观看幽默视频的参与者在这项枯燥的任务中投入的时间明显更多，回答对的问题也更多。

第9段

‘Although humour has been found to help relieve stress and facilitate social relationships,the traditional view of task performance implies that individuals should avoid things such as humour that may distract them from the accomplishment of task goals,’Cheng and Wang conclude.‘We suggest that humour is not only enjoyable but more importantly,energizing.’

“虽然早已发现幽默有助于缓解压力和促进社会关系，但有关任务表现的传统观点认为，个人应该避免诸如幽默这样会分散他们注意力、干扰完成任务目标的事情”，Cheng和Wang总结道，“我们认为幽默不仅让人愉悦，而且更重要的是，它还能给人增添精力”。

剑桥雅思15Test2Passage2阅读原文翻译Should we try to bring extinct species back to life复活已灭绝的物种

剑桥雅思15阅读第二套题目第二篇文章的主题为复活已灭绝的物种。文章一共五段，分别介绍了复活已灭绝物种的尝试，这种做法的好处，复活之后的物种与现存物种的差异，复活物种与现有物种杂交之后的影响，以这种技术相应的用途。下面是具体每一段的翻译。

剑桥雅思15 Test2 Passage2阅读原文翻译

段落A

The passenger pigeon was a legendary species.Flying in vast numbers across North America,with potentially many millions within a single flock,their migration was once one of nature’s great spectacles.Sadly,the passenger pigeon’s existence came to an end on 1 September 1914,when the last living specimen died at Cincinnati Zoo.Geneticist Ben Novak is lead researcher on an ambitious project which now aims to bring the bird back to life through a process known as‘de-extinction’.The basic premise involves using cloning technology to turn the DNA of extinct animals into a fertilised embryo,which is carried by the nearest relative still in existence–in this case,the abundant band-tailed pigeon–before being born as a living,breathing animal.Passenger pigeons are one of the pioneering species in this field,but they are far from the only ones on which this cutting-edge technology is being trialled.

候鸽是一种传奇物种。它们的迁徙曾经是自然界最为壮观的景象之一。大量的候鸽飞越北美上空，仅仅一群鸽子里可能就有数百万只。令人悲伤的是，1914年9月1日，最后一只活着的候鸽在辛辛那提动物园死去，该物种也随之灭绝。基因学家Ben Novak是一个宏伟项目的首席研究员。该项目如今致力于通过一种叫做“逆转灭绝”的过程复活这种鸟类。其基本操作为利用克隆技术将已灭绝动物的DNA放入一颗受过精的胚胎中。然后由其仍然存活着的、血缘上最为亲近的物种–这一案例中使用的是数量丰富的斑尾鸽–孕育出活生生的、能够呼吸的动物。

段落B

In Australia,the thylacine,more commonly known as the Tasmanian tiger,is another extinct creature which genetic scientists are striving to bring back to life.‘There is no carnivore now in Tasmania that fills the niche which thylacines once occupied,’explains Michael Archer of the University of New South Wales.He points out that in the decades since the thylacine went extinct,there has been a spread in a‘dangerously debilitating’facial tumour syndrome which threatens the existence of the Tasmanian devils,the island’s other notorious resident.Thylacines would have prevented this spread because they would have killed significant numbers of Tasmanian devils.‘If that contagious cancer had popped up previously,it would have burned out in whatever region it started.The return of thylacines to Tasmania could help to ensure that devils are never again subjected to risks of this kind.’

在澳大利亚，袋狼是另外一种科学家正在努力复活的已灭绝物种。它更广为认知的名字是塔斯马尼亚虎。“塔斯马尼亚如今没有任何一种物种能够填补袋狼曾经的位置”，新南威尔士大学的Michael Archer解释到。他指出，在袋狼灭绝后的这几十年里，一种十分危险的面部肿瘤症状传播开来，威胁到该岛屿上另外一种臭名昭著的原住民–袋獾–的生存。袋狼本可以阻止这场传播，因为它们会捕杀大量的塔斯马尼亚袋獾。“如果这种传染性的癌症之前爆发出来，无论它从哪个区域开始，其苗头很快就会熄灭。袋狼在塔斯马尼亚的回归有助于确保袋獾永远不再遭受这类风险的影响”。

段落C

If extinct species can be brought back to life,can humanity begin to correct the damage it has caused to the natural world over the past few millennia?‘The idea of de-extinction is that we can reverse this process,bringing species that no longer exist back to life,’says Beth Shapiro of University of California Santa Cruz’s Genomics Institute.‘I don’t think that we can do this.There is no way to bring back something that is 100 per cent identical to a species that went extinct a long time ago.’A more practical approach for long-extinct species is to take the DNA of existing species as a template,ready for the insertion of strands of extinct animal DNA to create something new;a hybrid,based on the living species,but which looks and/or acts like the animal which died out.

如果已灭绝的物种能够重现于世的话，人类能开始修复它在过去几千年里给自然界造成的破坏吗?“逆转灭绝的想法在于我们可以扭转这一过程，复活那些已经不再存在的物种”，加利福尼亚大学圣克鲁兹分校基因组学研究所的Beth Shapiro这样说道。“我不认为我们可以达成这一目标。复活之后的东西不可能与很久以前已经灭绝的物种百分百一致”。对于灭绝已久的物种来说，更为实际的方法是将现存物种的DNA当作底板，在其中插入已灭绝动物的DNA片段，从而创造出崭新的物种–一种基于现存物种的杂交种，然而看起来或者行动起来却类似已灭绝的动物。

段落D

This complicated process and questionable outcome begs the question:what is the actual point of this technology?‘For us,the goal has always been replacing the extinct species with a suitable replacement,’explains Novak.‘When it comes to breeding,band-tailed pigeons scatter and make maybe one or two nests per hectare,whereas passenger pigeons were very social and would make 10,000 or more nests in one hectare.’Since the disappearance of this key species,ecosystems in the eastern US have suffered,as the lack of disturbance caused by thousands of passenger pigeons wrecking trees and branches means there has been minimal need for regrowth.This has left forests stagnant and therefore unwelcoming to the plants and animals which evolved to help regenerate the forest after a disturbance.According to Novak,a hybridised band-tailed pigeon,with the added nesting habits of a passenger pigeon,could,in theory,re-establish that forest disturbance,thereby creating a habitat necessary for a great many other native species to thrive.

这一复杂的过程和充满疑问的结果引发如下的问题：这一技术的实际意义何在?“对于我们来说，其目标一直都是利用合适的替代品来取代已灭绝的物种”，Novak解释道。“在繁殖方面，斑尾鸽四散开来，每公顷可能只筑一两个巢，而候鸽则具有较强的社会性，会在一公顷内筑上10000多个巢”。自从这一关键物种消失以来，美国东部的生态系统一直饱受其害。数以千计的候鸽不再破坏树木和枝干，这就意味着它们没有了再次生长的需要，导致森林死气沉沉，不再适合那些进化出来就是为了帮助森林在遭到破坏之后崇焕生机的植物和动物。据Novak说，杂交之后的斑尾鸽融入了候鸽的筑巢习惯，理论上能够重现对森林的破坏，由此为许多其他本土物种创造出兴旺繁衍所必须的栖息地。

段落E

Another popular candidate for this technology is the woolly mammoth.George Church,professor at Harvard Medical School and leader of the Woolly Mammoth Revival Project,has been focusing on cold resistance,the main way in which the extinct woolly mammoth and its nearest living relative,the Asian elephant,differ.By pinpointing which genetic traits made it possible for mammoths to survive the icy climate of the tundra,the project’s goal is to return mammoths,or a mammoth-like species,to the area.‘My highest priority would be preserving the endangered Asian elephant,’says Church,‘expanding their range to the huge ecosystem of the tundra.Necessary adaptations would include smaller ears,thicker hair,and extra insulating fat,all for the purpose of reducing heat loss in the tundra,and all traits found in the now extinct woolly mammoth.’This repopulation of the tundra and boreal forests of Eurasia and North America with large mammals could also be a useful factor in reducing carbon emissions–elephants punch holes through snow and knock down trees,which encourages grass growth.This grass growth would reduce temperatures,and mitigate emissions from melting permafrost.

这一技术另外一个呼声很高的备选是猛犸象。哈佛医学院教授，同时也是猛犸象复活项目的负责人George Church一直关注防寒抗冻。这是已灭绝的猛犸象和它亲缘最近的现存物种-亚洲象之间的主要差别。通过定位使猛犸象能够在冻土寒冷气候中存活下来的基因特质，该项目的目标是让猛犸象，或者类似猛犸象的物种重新回到该区域。“我的最 高优先目标是保护濒临灭绝的亚洲象”，Church说，“将它们的活动范围扩展到冻原巨大的生态系统中。必要的调整包括更小的耳朵，更厚的毛发，以及额外的保温脂肪层。所有这些都是为了减少冻土上的热量流失，而所有这些特质都能够在如今已经灭绝的猛犸象身上找到“。这一向欧亚大陆和北美洲的冻土与北部森林重新输送大型哺乳动物的计划也有助于减少碳排放-大象会在雪地上踩出洞来，还会撞倒树木，从而刺激草皮生长。而草皮的生长会降低温度，缓解永冻层融化的相应排放。

段落F

While the prospect of bringing extinct animals back to life might capture imaginations,it is,of course,far easier to try to save an existing species which is merely threatened with extinction.‘Many of the technologies that people have in mind when they think about de-extinction can be used as a form of“genetic rescue”,’explains Shapiro.She prefers to focus the debate on how this emerging technology could be used to fully understand why various species went extinct in the first place,and therefore how we could use it to make genetic modifications which could prevent mass extinctions in the future.‘I would also say there’s an incredible moral hazard to not do anything at all,’she continues.“We know that what we are doing today is not enough,and we have to be willing to take some calculated and measured risks.’

虽然复活灭绝动物的前景可能会捕获人们的想象力，但努力拯救那些只是受到灭绝威胁的现存物种无疑要容易得多。“当人们想到逆转灭绝时脑海中出现的许多技术都可以作为某种形式的‘基因救援’”，Shapiro解释道。她更喜欢关注如下争论，即如何利用这一新兴技术来全面理解各类物种当初为什么会灭绝，以及我们能如何运用它来进行基因修饰，以阻止未来的大规模灭绝。“我还要说，如果什么都不做的话，会有巨大的道德风险”，她补充到。“我们知道自己今天做的还不够，我们必须愿意去承担一些经过仔细计算和衡量的风险”。